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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Application Deployment | 20% | - Understand Deployments and how to perform rolling updates - Use Kubernetes primitives to implement common deployment strategies (e.g., blue/green or canary) - Kustomize - Use the Helm package manager to deploy existing packages |
| Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Utilize container logs - Implement probes and health checks - Understand API deprecation policies - Debugging in Kubernetes - Use built-in CLI tools to monitor Kubernetes applications |
| Services and Networking | 20% | - Use Ingress rules to expose applications - Demonstrate basic understanding of NetworkPolicies - Provide and troubleshoot access to applications via services |
| Application Design and Build | 20% | - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns (e.g., sidecar, init and others) - Choose and use the right workload resource (Deployment, DaemonSet, CronJob, etc.) - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Define, build and modify container images |
| Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - Understanding and defining resource requirements, limits and quotas - ServiceAccounts - SecurityContexts - ConfigMaps and Secrets - Discover and use resources that extend Kubernetes (CRD, Operators) |
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NEW QUESTION # 122
You are running a critical application that requires high availability and minimal downtime during updates. Your current deployment strategy uses a single Deployment with 3 replicas. You need to ensure that during updates, only one pod is unavailable at any given time, minimizing service disruption. Design a deployment strategy that meets this requirement and allows for seamless updates.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Rolling Update Strategy:
- In your Deployment configuration, specify the rolling update strategy with 'maxunavailable: 1 s and 'maxSurge: O'. This ensures that during updates, only one pod is taken down at a time, while the remaining two continue serving traffic.
2. Use Liveness and Readiness Probes: - Configure liveness and readiness probes for your application containers. Liveness probes Check tne nealth of running containers and restan them if unhealthy. Readiness probes check if a container is ready to receive traffic. - This ensures that only healthy pods are marked as ready, and traffic is routed only to ready pods.
3. Implement Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA): - Set up HPA to automatically scale the number of pods based on CPU or memory utilization- This ensures that the application can handle increased trattiC during updates without compromising performance. - You can configure the desired minimum and maximum replicas for the HPA based on your application's requirements. 4. Use Service with Session Affinity: - Configure your Service to use 'ClientlP' or 'Cookie' session affinity. This ensures that client connections are consistently routed to the same pod during the rolling update, minimizing disruption for users.
5. Use Daemonsets for System Components: - If you have any system components (like monitoring agents or log collectors) that need to run on every node in the cluster, use DaemonSets instead of Deployments. - DaemonSets ensure that these components are always running on all nodes, even during node restarts or updates, ensuring continuous monitoring and logging.
NEW QUESTION # 123 
Context
You are tasked to create a secret and consume the secret in a pod using environment variables as follow:
Task
* Create a secret named another-secret with a key/value pair; key1/value4
* Start an nginx pod named nginx-secret using container image nginx, and add an environment variable exposing the value of the secret key key 1, using COOL_VARIABLE as the name for the environment variable inside the pod See the solution below.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation
Solution:
NEW QUESTION # 124
You are running a multi-tier application in Kubernetes. Your application consists of a frontend service (nginx) and a backend service (app). The frontend service exposes a port to the outside world, while the backend service listens on a different port. The backend service needs to access a database service running on a different node.
You need to create a network policy that allows the nginx service to access the app service, and the app service to access the database service. Ensure tnat no otner traffic is allowed between pods in the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Network Policy for Nginx Service:
- Create a NetworkPoliCY named 'nginx-policy' that allows traffic from pods labeled 'app=nginx' to pods labeled Sapp-apps
- Use 'ingress' rules to define incoming traffic to the nginx service-
- Specify the for the nginx service.
- Allow all ports.
2. Define Network Policy for App Service: - Create a NetworkP01iCY named 'app-policy' that allows traffic from pods labeled 'app=app' to pods labeled 'app=database' - Use 'ingress' rules to define incoming traffic to the app service. - Specify the 'podSeIector' for the app service. - Allow traffic on the port that the database service listens on.
3. Create the NetworkPolicy Objects - Apply the NetworkP01iCies using the 'kubectl apply' command: bash kubectl apply -f nginx-policy.yaml kubectl apply -f app-policy.yaml 4. Apply Default Network Policy: - Create a NetworkPoliCY named 'default-policy' that blocks all traffic by default. - This ensures that only traffic allowed by the specific policies is permitted.
5. Apply Default Network Policy: - Apply the NetworkPoliCY using the 'kubectl apply' command: bash kubectl apply -f default-policy_yaml This configuration ensures that: - Nginx Service: Can access the 'app' service on port 80, and no other traffic is allowed in or out. - App Service: Can access the 'database' service on port 5432, and no other traffic is allowed in or out - All Other Pods: All other pods in the cluster are blocked from communicating with each other by the default network policy.,
NEW QUESTION # 125
Refer to Exhibit.
Set Configuration Context:
[student@node-1] $ | kubectl
Config use-context k8s
Context
A user has reported an aopticauon is unteachable due to a failing livenessProbe .
Task
Perform the following tasks:
* Find the broken pod and store its name and namespace to /opt/KDOB00401/broken.txt in the format:
<namespace>/<pod>
The output file has already been created
* Store the associated error events to a file /opt/KDOB00401/error.txt, The output file has already been created. You will need to use the -o wide output specifier with your command
* Fix the issue.
Answer:
Explanation:
To find the broken pod and store its name and namespace to /opt/KDOB00401/broken.txt, you can use the kubectl get pods command and filter the output by the status of the pod.
kubectl get pods --field-selector=status.phase=Failed -o jsonpath='{.items[*].metadata.namespace}/{.items[*].metadata.name}' > /opt/KDOB00401/broken.txt This command will list all pods with a status of Failed and output their names and namespaces in the format <namespace>/<pod>. The output is then written to the /opt/KDOB00401/broken.txt file.
To store the associated error events to a file /opt/KDOB00401/error.txt, you can use the kubectl describe command to retrieve detailed information about the pod, and the grep command to filter the output for error events.
kubectl describe pods <pod-name> --namespace <pod-namespace> | grep -i error -B5 -A5 > /opt/KDOB00401/error.txt Replace <pod-name> and <pod-namespace> with the name and namespace of the broken pod you found in the previous step.
This command will output detailed information about the pod, including error events. The grep command filters the output for lines containing "error" and also prints 5 lines before and after the match.
To fix the issue, you need to analyze the error events and find the root cause of the issue.
It could be that the application inside the pod is not running, the container image is not available, the pod has not enough resources, or the liveness probe configuration is incorrect.
Once you have identified the cause, you can take appropriate action, such as restarting the application, updating the container image, increasing the resources, or modifying the liveness probe configuration.
After fixing the issue, you can use the kubectl get pods command to check the status of the pod and ensure
NEW QUESTION # 126
You are building a microservice architecture for a new e-commerce application. This architecture consists of three microservices: 'product- service' , 'can-service' , and 'order-service'. Each microservice nas a dedicated database and utilizes a Redis cacne for performance optimization.
You are tasked with designing the 'product-service , which is responsible for managing product information (name, description, price, inventory).
Implement a multi-container Pod design for the product-service' that addresses the following requirements:
- The Pod must include a primary container running the 'product-service' application.
- The Pod must include a secondary container for Redis to cache frequently accessed product data.
- The Pod must use a shared volume to persist the Redis data across container restarts.
- The 'product-service' must connect to the local Redis instance in the Pod for optimized data retrieval.
- The product-service' should be configured to periodically update the Redis cache With the latest product data from the database.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create the Deployment YAML:
- Define a Deployment with the name 'product-service'
- Set the replicas to ' 2' to provide redundancy and high availability.
- Specify the labels Sapp: product-service' for selecting the Pods in the Deployment.
- Create a 'template' section to define the Pod specification.
2. Create the Persistent Volume Claim (PVC): - Define a PVC with the name 'redis-pvc' - Specify the storage class and access mode. - Set the required storage size for Redis data.
3. Deploy the Resources: - Apply the Deployment and PVC using 'kubectl apply -f deployment.yamr and 'kubectl apply -f pvc.yamr. 4. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the Deployment using 'kubectl get deployments product-service' and ensure that two Pods are running. - Check the status of the PVC using 'kubectl get pvc redis-pve 5. Configure the 'product-service'- - Modify the 'product-service' application to use the Redis instance in the Pod as the cache backend. - Configure the -product-service' to periodically tetch data trom the database and update the Redis cache. 6. Test the Application: - Send requests to the 'product-service to retrieve product data. - Monitor the Redis cache to ensure that it's being used and updated as expected. Important Considerations: - Ensure that the 'product-service' application is properly configured to connect to the Redis instance within the same Pod. - Use a suitable Redis cache library or framework in the 'product-service for efficient caching. - Implement a proper caching strategy (e.g., TTL, cache eviction) to prevent stale data. - Monitor the Redis cache performance and resource usage to optimize the cache configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 127
......
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