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WGU Introduction-to-Cryptography Exam Syllabus Topics:

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WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 Sample Questions (Q39-Q44):

NEW QUESTION # 39
(How does Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode encryption function?)

• A. Encrypts each block with the same key, where each block is independent of the others
• B. Uses an IV to encrypt the first block, then uses the result to encrypt the next block
• C. Converts from block to stream, then uses a counter value and a nonce to encrypt the data
• D. Uses a self-synchronizing stream on the blocks, where the IV is encrypted and XORed with the data stream

Answer: A

Explanation:
ECB is the simplest block cipher mode: each plaintext block is encrypted independently using the same key and the block cipher primitive. There is no IV and no chaining, so identical plaintext blocks produce identical ciphertext blocks. This property leaks patterns and structure in the plaintext, which is why ECB is generally considered insecure for most real-world data beyond tiny, random-looking inputs. For example, images encrypted with ECB often reveal outlines because repeated pixel blocks map to repeated ciphertext blocks.
Option A describes CTR mode, option C describes CBC mode, and option B resembles feedback-based modes. ECB's independence also means it can be parallelized, but the pattern leakage is a severe weakness.
Modern practice prefers authenticated encryption modes (like GCM) or, at minimum, modes with IVs and chaining (like CBC with proper padding and MAC). Therefore, the correct statement is that ECB encrypts each block with the same key and each block is independent of the others.

NEW QUESTION # 40
(How often are transactions added to a blockchain?)

• A. Approximately every 10 minutes
• B. Approximately every 24 hours
• C. Approximately every 30 minutes
• D. Approximately every 1 hour

Answer: A

Explanation:
For Bitcoin, transactions are confirmed by inclusion in blocks, and the network targets an average block interval of about 10 minutes. That means transactions are "added" to the Bitcoin blockchain approximately every 10 minutes in the sense that a new block containing a batch of transactions is appended at that cadence. The 10-minute target is achieved by a difficulty adjustment mechanism that recalibrates mining difficulty roughly every 2016 blocks, aiming to keep the average interval stable despite changes in total network hash power. It is important to note that this is an average: blocks can be found faster or slower in the short term due to the probabilistic nature of proof-of-work mining.
Other blockchains have different block times (seconds to minutes), but the question's options and typical curriculum context align with Bitcoin's 10-minute design. Therefore, the correct choice is approximately every 10 minutes.

NEW QUESTION # 41
(What type of encryption uses different keys to encrypt and decrypt the message?)

• A. Secure
• B. Asymmetric
• C. Symmetric
• D. Private key

Answer: B

Explanation:
Asymmetric encryption (also called public key cryptography) uses a pair of mathematically related keys: a public key and a private key. One key is used to encrypt, and the other is used to decrypt, which is the defining "different keys" property asked in the question. In the common confidentiality use case, a sender encrypts a message using the recipient's public key, and only the recipient can decrypt it using their private key. This solves the key distribution problem inherent in symmetric encryption, where both parties must securely share the same secret key in advance. Asymmetric systems also enable digital signatures: the private key signs (creates a signature) and the public key verifies it, providing authenticity and integrity. Symmetric encryption, by contrast, uses the same shared key for both encryption and decryption (even though internal round keys may exist, it is still one shared secret). "Private key" alone is not a full encryption type, and
"secure" is a generic description rather than a cryptographic category. Therefore, the correct answer is D.
Asymmetric.

NEW QUESTION # 42
(What is the length (in bits) of a SHA-1 hash output?)

• A. 0
• B. 1
• C. 2
• D. 3

Answer: A

Explanation:
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) produces a fixed-size output of 160 bits (20 bytes). Hash output size matters in cryptography because it influences collision resistance and the effort required for various attacks. For an ideal n-bit hash, finding a collision by generic means is expected around 2

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