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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Financial Statement Analysis | - Interpreting financial data for decision-making purposes - Horizontal and vertical analysis - Ratio analysis (liquidity, profitability, solvency, efficiency ratios) |
| Topic 2: Financial Accounting Fundamentals | - Understanding the accounting cycle - Preparing financial statements (Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash Flows) - Accrual vs. cash basis accounting - Recording transactions and adjusting entries |
| Topic 3: Managerial Accounting Concepts | - Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis - Job order and process costing - Contribution margin and break-even analysis - Cost classification and behavior (fixed, variable, mixed costs) |
| Topic 4: Decision Making and Performance Evaluation | - Responsibility accounting and performance metrics - Capital budgeting techniques (NPV, IRR, Payback Period) - Relevant costs for decision making - Make-or-buy and special order decisions - Balanced Scorecard concepts |
| Topic 5: Budgeting and Planning | - Variance analysis - Financial budgets (cash budget, budgeted income statement, budgeted balance sheet) - Operating budgets (sales, production, direct materials, direct labor, overhead) - Master budget components |
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問題 #60
What is a cost incurred as part of the production process?
答案：C
解題說明：
The correct answer is C. Raw materials cost . A cost incurred as part of the production process is a product cost , and raw materials are one of the most direct examples. In manufacturing, raw materials are inputs physically used to create finished goods, so they are clearly part of production. Manufacturing cost guidance consistently identifies direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead as production-related costs.
Option A, sunk cost , refers to a past cost that has already been incurred and cannot be changed, so it is a decision-making concept rather than a specific production input. Option B, opportunity cost , represents the benefit forgone by choosing one alternative over another, not an actual recorded production cost. Option D, period cost , refers to costs such as selling and administrative expenses that are expensed in the period incurred and are not part of the manufacturing process. Because raw materials are directly consumed in producing goods, they are the clearest example of a cost incurred as part of production. Therefore, the correct answer is Raw materials cost , making Option C correct.
問題 #61
What is true regarding the use of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)?
答案：D
解題說明：
The correct answer is C. IFRS are commonly required to be used in Asia . IFRS is widely used around the world, and the IFRS Foundation states that companies in more than 140 jurisdictions are required to use IFRS Accounting Standards when reporting their financial health. That broad global adoption includes many Asian jurisdictions, so saying IFRS are commonly required in Asia is accurate.
Option A is incorrect because U.S. domestic issuers are generally required under SEC rules to file financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP , not simply choose IFRS instead. Option B is false because IFRS are not seldom used by non-U.S. companies; in fact, they are extensively used internationally.
Option D is incorrect because the SEC does not require IFRS for all issuers; rather, SEC rules generally require U.S. GAAP for domestic registrants, while certain foreign private issuers may use IFRS as issued by the IASB. Therefore, among the listed choices, Option C is the only statement that is broadly correct and consistent with current international reporting practice.
問題 #62
A company prepared the following contribution margin income statement for the actual sale of 10,000 shoes:
Sales revenue = $600,000
Variable costs = $400,000
Contribution margin = $200,000
Less fixed costs = $150,000
Net income = $50,000
What would be the forecasted net income for the sale of 14,000 shoes based on the actual results above?
答案：D
解題說明：
The correct answer is C. $130,000 . A contribution margin income statement separates variable costs from fixed costs , which makes it useful for forecasting profit at different sales levels. OpenStax explains that contribution margin analysis shows how much sales revenue remains after variable costs to cover fixed costs and profit.
First calculate the per-unit amounts based on 10,000 shoes:
Sales per unit = $600,000 / 10,000 = $60
Variable cost per unit = $400,000 / 10,000 = $40
Contribution margin per unit = $20
For 14,000 shoes , total contribution margin would be:
14,000 × $20 = $280,000
Now subtract fixed costs, which stay the same at $150,000 :
Forecasted net income = $280,000 - $150,000 = $130,000
So the company would expect to earn $130,000 if it sells 14,000 shoes. This is exactly why CVP and contribution margin statements are useful for planning: they allow managers to estimate the profit impact of volume changes quickly, as long as selling price, variable cost per unit, and fixed costs remain stable.
Therefore, Option C is correct.
問題 #63
Which two items on an income statement result in decreased net income if they are increased?
Choose 2 answers.
答案：C,D
解題說明：
The correct answers are C. Interest expense and D. Cost of goods sold . Net income is determined by starting with revenues and then subtracting expenses and other costs. Because interest expense is an expense, increasing it reduces earnings before tax and therefore lowers net income. Likewise, cost of goods sold (COGS) is a major expense directly tied to the goods sold by the business. When COGS increases, gross profit falls, which then reduces net income. OpenStax summarizes the income statement as including revenues, expenses, gains, and losses in arriving at net income or net loss.
Options A. Gains and B. Revenues are incorrect because increases in either of those items generally increase net income rather than decrease it. Gains arise from peripheral transactions and still improve profitability, while revenues represent inflows from the company's main operations. In contrast, both interest expense and cost of goods sold are deductions in the income statement. Therefore, the two items that decrease net income when increased are Interest expense and Cost of goods sold .
問題 #64
Which body regulates a certified public accounting firm's audit practices when the firm is auditing a large, publicly traded company?
答案：C
解題說明：
The correct answer is D. The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) . The PCAOB was created to oversee the audits of public companies and SEC-registered brokers and dealers in order to protect investors and support the public interest in accurate, independent audit reports. Its responsibilities include registration of audit firms, inspections, enforcement, and audit-related standard-setting. Because the question refers to a CPA firm auditing a large, publicly traded company , PCAOB oversight is the correct regulatory answer.
Option A is incorrect because FASB sets accounting standards, not audit practice regulation for public company auditors. Option B, FASAC , is an advisory council to FASB and does not regulate audit firms.
Option C, the IRS , administers tax laws and does not oversee external audit practices for public companies.
In accounting and auditing, it is essential to distinguish between those who set accounting rules and those who supervise auditors. For publicly traded companies, that audit oversight role belongs to the PCAOB , making Option D the only accurate choice.
問題 #65
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