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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Competency 7: Forecasting | - Quantitative forecasting methods (moving averages, exponential smoothing) - Qualitative forecasting methods - Forecast accuracy measures |
| Topic 2: Competency 6: Production Planning and Scheduling | - Just-in-Time (JIT) and Kanban systems - Theory of Constraints (TOC) - Aggregate planning - Master Production Schedule (MPS) - Material Requirements Planning (MRP) |
| Topic 3: Competency 1: Operations Management Fundamentals | - Product and service design - Operations strategy and competitive priorities - History and evolution of operations management |
| Topic 4: Competency 2: Quality Management | - Quality management philosophies (Deming, Juran, Crosby) - Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criteria - Total Quality Management (TQM) - Cost of quality (prevention, appraisal, internal/external failure) |
| Topic 5: Competency 5: Capacity Planning and Facility Layout | - Location analysis and decisions - Capacity planning strategies - Facility layout types (process, product, cellular, fixed-position) |
| Topic 6: Competency 4: Supply Chain Management | - Inventory management - Sourcing and procurement - Supply chain design and strategy - Logistics and distribution |
| Topic 7: Competency 3: Process Improvement and Problem Solving | - Lean operations and waste elimination - Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle - Cause-and-effect diagrams (fishbone diagrams) - Six Sigma methodology - Statistical Process Control (SPC) |
>> Operations-Management復習範囲 <<
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質問 # 30
Which term means to schedule a job that starts immediately, regardless of the due date?
正解：C
解説：
Forward schedulingmeans scheduling workas soon as resources are available, regardless of the job's due date.
In Operations Management:
* Forward scheduling starts at the current time
* Jobs are scheduled sequentially into the future
* Completion dates are determined after scheduling
This method is commonly used when:
* Capacity utilization is the priority
* Due dates are flexible
* Make-to-stock environments exist
In contrast:
* Backward schedulingstarts from the due date and works backward
* Finite loadingrespects capacity limits
* Infinite loadingignores capacity constraints
Forward scheduling ensures continuous resource use but may result in early job completion and higher inventory levels.
質問 # 31
Which two types of operations include repetitive processes?
Choose 2 answers
正解：B、C
解説：
Line processesandcontinuous processesare the two operational process types characterized byhighly repetitive activities.
Aline processinvolves standardized products moving through a fixed sequence of steps. Each workstation performs the same task repeatedly, making it ideal for high-volume, low-variety production. Examples include automobile assembly lines and consumer electronics manufacturing.
Acontinuous processgoes a step further, operating24/7 with extremely high volume and minimal variation
. Production flows continuously rather than in discrete units. Industries such as oil refining, chemicals, and paper manufacturing use continuous processes.
The other options are not primarily repetitive:
* Project processesare unique, one-time efforts (e.g., construction projects)
* Batch processesinvolve moderate repetition but frequent changeovers between batches Operations Management classifies processes based onvolume and variety. Line and continuous processes sit at the high-volume, low-variety end of the spectrum, making repetition unavoidable and necessary for efficiency.
Repetitive processes enable:
* High labor productivity
* Low unit cost
* Process automation
* Consistent quality
However, they also require careful work system design to avoid worker fatigue and quality drift.
質問 # 32
Why is the marketing plan essential to the creation of the aggregate plan?
正解：A
解説：
The marketing plan is essential to the aggregate plan because itprovides insight into operations goals and activities for the year.
Aggregate planning aligns production, workforce, and inventory decisions withexpected demand, which is forecasted by marketing. Marketing defines:
* Sales volume expectations
* Product mix
* Promotional timing
* Market priorities
Operations uses this information to:
* Set capacity levels
* Plan workforce size
* Schedule production rates
* Manage inventory
While demand data and cash flow matter, the key contribution of marketing is translating market strategy into operational requirements.
Operations Management emphasizes cross-functional integration; without marketing input, aggregate plans risk misalignment with actual market needs.
質問 # 33
Which type of aggregate plan is preferable when a company produces custom or special purpose equipment, one-of-a-kind items, or highly perishable products?
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (#270 words):
Achase aggregate planis preferable for environments withcustom, one-of-a-kind, special-purpose, or highly perishable outputsbecause production is designed to"chase" (match) demandrather than build inventory.
In a level plan, the firm maintains a constant production rate and uses inventory/backorders to absorb demand fluctuation. That works best when products can be stored economically and demand variability can be buffered. For one-of-a-kind and highly perishable items, inventory is either impossible (custom items) or risky and costly (perishability, obsolescence). Therefore, the operationally sound strategy is to adjust capacity to align output with demand.
This links directly to aggregate planning's purpose: validating whether the system has sufficient capacity to meet expected requests and defining the most appropriate combination of resources. The document also highlights that one aggregate planning mechanism is to"produce reactively (react to demand) - requires flexibility."That is the core logic of a chase strategy.
A chase plan typically uses capacity levers like hiring/layoffs, subcontracting, flexible staffing, and overtime-chosen based on the duration and magnitude of demand changes. It prioritizes responsiveness and minimal inventory, which is essential when holding finished goods is undesirable or infeasible.
質問 # 34
Which two capacity measurement concepts should a firm consider when conducting a location analysis?
Choose 2 answers
正解：B、D
解説：
When conducting a location analysis, firms must considerproximity to sources of supplyandsite considerationsas key capacity-related factors.
Proximity to sources of supplyaffects:
* Transportation cost and reliability
* Lead times
* Inventory requirements
* Production continuity
Reliable supply access directly influences effective capacity by reducing disruptions and variability.
Site considerationsinclude:
* Land availability and cost
* Infrastructure and utilities
* Expansion potential
* Zoning and regulatory constraints
These factors determine how much capacity can be installed, expanded, and operated efficiently over time.
The other options are less relevant:
* Throughput time is a process performance metric
* Employee relations are important but not capacity measurement concepts Operations Management emphasizes that capacity decisions are long-term and capital-intensive. Poor location choices constrain future capacity, flexibility, and growth.
質問 # 35
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