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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Individual Behavior and Personality | - Motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, Vroom) - Individual decision-making - Personality traits and theories - Perception and attribution - Attitudes and job satisfaction |
| Topic 2: Leadership Theories | - Trait approaches to leadership - Behavioral approaches - Contingency theories - Contemporary leadership perspectives - Transformational vs transactional leadership |
| Topic 3: Group Behavior and Dynamics | - Group structure and roles - Group development stages - Conflict and negotiation - Power and political behavior - Team building and teamwork |
| Topic 4: Organizational Structure and Culture | - Organizational design principles - Organizational change and development - Organizational culture dimensions - Organizational communication - Organizational structure types |
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NEW QUESTION # 31
A manager treats an employee with a free lunch to encourage the employee to continue to do well. Which kind of reward is provided?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Motivation in the workplace is often driven by a system of rewards, which are generally categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic types.Intrinsic rewardsare internal to the individual and come from the work itself; examples include a sense of accomplishment, personal growth, or the satisfaction of completing a difficult task. These are self-granted rewards.
Extrinsic rewards, conversely, are tangible rewards given by another person (usually a manager or the organization) to an employee for performing a specific task or behavior. These include salary increases, bonuses, promotions, benefits, and even smaller tokens like a free lunch. In this scenario, the free lunch is a physical, external incentive provided by the manager to reinforce the employee's positive performance. While intrinsic rewards are essential for long-term engagement and "meaningful" work, extrinsic rewards like a free meal are effective for immediate reinforcement and recognizing specific achievements. According to reinforcement theory, providing such a reward immediately following a desired behavior (doing well at work) increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated. Because the lunch is an external, tangible benefit provided by the manager rather than an internal feeling of satisfaction derived from the task itself, it is classified as an extrinsic reward.
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which conflict-resolution techniques might a manager use to control the level of conflict that has become dysfunctional?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Conflict within an organization can be functional (supporting goals) or dysfunctional (hindering performance). When conflict becomes dysfunctional, managers must use conflict-resolution techniques to bring it back to a manageable or productive level. Two such techniques areCompromiseandSuperordinate goals.
Compromiseinvolves each party giving up something of value to reach a solution where no one is a clear winner or loser. It is often used when goals are important but not worth the potential disruption of more assertive methods.Superordinate goalsinvolve creating a shared goal that cannot be attained without the cooperation of each of the conflicting parties. By focusing on a higher-level objective, the competing groups or individuals are forced to set aside their differences to achieve a common success. Other techniques include problem-solving (face-to-face meetings), smoothing (playing down differences), and avoidance. Choosing the right technique depends on the nature of the conflict and the desired long-term relationship between the parties. In many organizational settings, shifting the focus to superordinate goals is particularly effective because it aligns individual interests with organizational outcomes.
NEW QUESTION # 33
What is the impact of high group cohesiveness and well-defined performance norms on the productivity of a team?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The interaction between cohesiveness and performance norms is a critical concept in Organizational Behavior. As shown in the research regarding group dynamics,the productivity of the team will improve significantlywhen both cohesiveness and performance norms are high. Cohesiveness provides the social
"glue" that keeps the team together, while performance norms provide the "direction" by establishing clear expectations for effort, output, and quality.
When these two factors coincide, the group becomes a powerful force; members motivate one another to meet the high standards they have collectively accepted. This is the "ideal" state for any work team. If cohesiveness is high but performance norms are low, the group is unified but unproductive. If cohesiveness is low but norms are high, productivity improves only slightly because members lack the social bond to sustain high- level collaboration. Therefore, the combination of a strong bond and high standards yields the most significant productivity gains.
NEW QUESTION # 34
What defines acceptable standards of behavior that are shared by group members?
Answer: D
Explanation:
All groups have establishedNorms, which are defined as acceptable standards of behavior shared by the group's members that tell them what they ought and ought not to do under certain circumstances. Norms are powerful because they act as a means of influencing the behavior of group members with a minimum of external controls. Common organizational norms include performance norms (how hard to work), appearance norms (dress codes), and social arrangement norms (whom to eat lunch with).
Norms are distinct fromGroup Roles, which are specific behaviors expected of a person in a specific position.
While roles might differ from member to member (e.g., a leader vs. a scribe), norms are generally shared by the entire collective.Group Statusrefers to a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others, andConformityis the act of adjusting one's behavior to align with the norms of the group.
Therefore, the "standards of behavior" themselves are the norms. When an individual violates these shared standards, they often face social pressure or sanctions from the group, which reinforces the importance of norms in maintaining group stability and predictability.
NEW QUESTION # 35
What is social loafing?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Social loafingis a phenomenon in group dynamics defined as the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. This concept challenges the common assumption that the "spirit of the group" always increases individual motivation. It was famously illustrated by the Ringelmann effect, where research showed that individuals pulled less hard on a rope when they were part of a group than when they were alone.
Social loafing typically occurs because of a dispersion of responsibility; when individuals believe their contribution cannot be measured separately from the group's total output, they may feel less "accountable" and decrease their effort. It can also stem from a "sucker effect," where individuals reduce their effort because they perceive others in the group are not doing their fair share. To counter social loafing, managers are encouraged to use individual performance evaluations, provide group rewards based on individual contributions, and keep group sizes small enough that individual efforts are visible.
Would you like me to proceed with the next batch of questions (Questions 16-20)?
NEW QUESTION # 36
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