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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
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NEW QUESTION # 273
If an avian patient has a hock joint injury, how would the injury most likely be stabilized?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Avian hock injuries are commonly stabilized by modified Robert Jones bandaging, suited to fit the avian limb. A Robert Jones bandage can be used for tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, simple fractures, tarsus injuries, and tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus soft tissue wounds.
Ball bandaging is used for toe fractures, pododermatitis, or other toe or foot soft tissue injuries. Spica splinting is mostly used for femur fractures. Wing-body wraps are used for humerus, scapula, furcula, or coracoid fractures.
NEW QUESTION # 274
Stains are commonly used to evaluate various laboratory specimens. Proper storage is essential because many contain various dangerous components, including:
Answer: D
Explanation:
There are numerous stains used in cytology, with multiple components. Some solutions are acidic, while others may be neutral or basic. Some contain aluminum cations, while others contain alcohol. The concern is alcohol, a highly flammable liquid, and other flammable liquids may also be present. Thus, proper storage in a flammable safe cabinet, with MSDS sheets for each stain type readily available in case of injury or exposure, is essential.
NEW QUESTION # 275
Which of the following is a potential risk when administering intravenous lidocaine to feline patients?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Lidocaine is widely used in cats as a local anesthetic. However, there is a very low threshold for safety when given systemically (to the whole body). Possible risks of inadvertent toxicity include central nervous system signs (depression or agitation, twitching) and cardiovascular depression. It should be used with caution.
Methemoglobinemia is not associated with lidocaine, but with a close relative, benzocaine, which comes as a topical spray. It should be used with caution when spraying the arytenoid cartilages at intubation.
Lidocaine administration is not associated with liver or kidney adverse effects.
NEW QUESTION # 276
You perform a urine-specific gravity test on a patient with azotemi
a. You have a concern because you find the concentration is 1.010. We define this by what term, and does this represent a specific gravity that is higher, equal to, or less than plasma?
Answer: D
Explanation:
When evaluating urine, we compare the density of the liquid to distilled water. Distilled water is 1.00.
Urine-specific gravity (USG) must be interpreted in the face of dehydration, primary underlying kidney disease, or post-renal causes of concern. It can be used to evaluate the kidneys' ability to concentrate from the renal tubules or dilute filtrates and helps in assessing if the body can maintain osmotic and water balance.
-sthen = strength
-iso = the same
-hypo = less than
-hyper = greater than
Isosthenuria is a fixed specific gravity recognized as 1.008 to 1.013 (depending on the species). This suggests that the glomerular filtrate is at the same specific gravity as the plasma. It isn't diluted nor concentrated and represents kidney disease. (65% of the kidneys' function no longer exists once this occurs). Isosthenuria in the presence of azotemia (elevated BUN/Crea) confirms kidney disease. We cannot discern if it is reversible or not simply because it is present.
While normally, a single USG without comparison doesn't reflect kidney function or abnormality, in the face of azotemia, we need to rehydrate a patient and re-evaluate USG after fluid therapy has ceased to determine if the underlying disease remains. A reading of 1.010 in the middle of the day in a well-hydrated patient may still be normal, and the patient may not have underlying renal disease.
Hyposthenuria describes USG < 1.008. This suggests the proper ability of the tubules to dilute urine, lowering the specific gravity of plasma.
Hypersthenuria or baruria occurs at > 1.012-1.013 (depending on species). Here, the tubules are concentrating water to hold on to it, and the USG is higher than the plasma.
Ideally, you want to use a species-specific refractometer to evaluate USG because standard human refractometers can cause falsely high or falsely lower readings with various species, from cats to exotics and more.
NEW QUESTION # 277
You are speaking with a group of new veterinary technicians and discussing key points of client education, including pre- and post-op recommendations for fasting and infectious diseases that may be of zoonotic concern for pet owners.
What are zoonotic diseases, and what is an example of a zoonotic disease?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Zoonotic diseases describe diseases that are transmitted from animals to people. Many types of organisms are zoonotic with up to 70% of infections in humans deriving from an animal reservoir. Coxiella burnetii is an example. Other examples include parasitic infections such as cutaneous larva migrans (hookworms), protozoal infections such as toxoplasmosis, visceral larva migrans, nematodes (roundworms), fungal disease (ringworm), lyme disease (Borrellia sp.) transmitted by ticks, and many bacterial infections and viral disease such as rabies.
Diseases transmitted from people to animals describes reverse zoonoses, not zoonotic diseases. Reverse zoonoses are much less common but can occur, such as human flu seen uncommonly in domestic cats or ferrets.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with animals as reservoirs. Humans become infected via the ingestion of contaminated meats or contact with infected animals, bodily fluids, or tissue. Brucella abortus is a commonly identified zoonotic Brucella sp.
Psittacosis or Chlamydia psittaci is the common agent in pinkeye in sheep, and less so in goats, and is readily transmissible. It is also the dominant chlamydiosis in birds and a common concern among those who have pet birds.
Smallpox, the only disease eradicated by humans, was successfully done because there was no animal reservoir.
NEW QUESTION # 278
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