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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Diagnostic Imaging | - Radiography positioning and safety - Image processing and interpretation basics |
| Topic 2: Dentistry | - Oral anatomy and disease recognition - Dental prophylaxis procedures |
| Topic 3: Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Topic 4: Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Topic 5: Surgical Nursing | - Preoperative and postoperative care - Sterile technique and instrumentation |
| Topic 6: Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
| Topic 7: Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Topic 8: Animal Care and Nursing | - Nutrition and husbandry - Patient handling and restraint |
| Topic 9: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
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NEW QUESTION # 899
All of the following reasons are indications to perform an electrocardiogram (ECG) in a large animal, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
ECGs are most beneficial in diagnosing arrhythmias in our animals and are routinely performed on our small and large animal patients. They can be used to monitor patients undergoing sedation/anesthesia or in patients with recent toxicity to a known cardiotoxic agent, e.g., monensin. While in small animals, we can sometimes gleam information about cardiac chamber size or muscle mass, this isn't generally true in large animals, where we primarily rely on ECGs to evaluate heart rate and rhythm.
Additional indications for ECGs include:
*Patients who present with collapse.
*Patients with known trauma and loss of consciousness.
*Patients with no known trauma but a loss of consciousness.
*Patients with elevated heart rates (tachycardia) without the presence of recent exercise, pain, or excitement (often these patients have a regular rhythm on auscultation, but sustained ventricular tachycardia can be falsely termed sinus tachycardia without viewing an ECG and v. tach is a serious concern that needs to be treated immediately).
*Patients presenting with abnormal athletic performance, such as a racehorse who normally competes at the top level who isn't finishing or is finishing but not placing. Further, horses in training and unable to perform to their normal ability level should be evaluated by ECG in addition to PE and other possible parameters. Only 2% of horses with poor performance often have underlying structural heart disease. If the heart plays a role in decreased conditioning, it is more likely secondary to an arrhythmia.
*In horses, trainers may use ECGs to monitor training and exercise pre- and post-activity in healthy animals or animals with known underlying diseases.
ECGs are not used routinely for all large animals, even very valuable equine patients, but they can be used if desired.
NEW QUESTION # 900
The vet will usually remove multiple rooted teeth using a gingival flap when performing dental extractions. What suture will your veterinarian likely require you to retrieve or prepare ahead of surgery to allow suture closure of the flap?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Gingival flaps can be closed with a simple interrupted pattern in most small animals. We want absorbable suture material and prefer monofilament to minimize braiding and irritation as it pulls through the tissue. Remember that 4.0 (4-ought) is larger than 5.0. At the same time, 4 is larger than 3 when discussing suture size. Examples of monofilament absorbable sutures include PDS, Monocryl, and Maxon.
2.0 and 3.0 would be too thick for most dogs and cats, and multifilament suture is braided, having more than one thread woven together. This can place more drag on the tissues, and we want to minimize that in an area such as the gingiva.
7.0 is too small and would not be sufficient to hold the tissue. We may see that small of a size used in and around the eye.
Finally, 1.0 would also be too large a suture and doesn't address the braided vs. unbraided issue.
NEW QUESTION # 901
Which of the following topical medications causes the patient's pupils to dilate in order to facilitate a more thorough ocular exam?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Atropine causes dilation of the pupils by relaxing the pupillary sphincter muscle, which helps facilitate a more thorough ocular exam and control ciliary spasms of the eye, providing pain relief. When administered intravenously, atropine is also used to counteract organophosphate poisoning, prevent bradycardia, and slow a hypermotile gut. Finally, it provides pain relief. Other commonly used topical ophthalmic drops used for mydriasis (pupil dilation) include tropicamide and phenylephrine.
Tobramycin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial eye infections. Proparacaine is a topical anesthetic used to numb the eye for procedures to facilitate examination of painful eyes. Ketotifen is an antihistamine used for allergic conjunctivitis.
NEW QUESTION # 902
Once you have intubated a patient, you need to know immediately if you were successful, ensuring the tube went into the trachea and not the esophagus. All of the following are ways to assess placement.
However, which of the following is not always a reliable indicator of successful intubation?
Answer: C
Explanation:
All of the following steps may help you to determine you are in the right location:
*In non-blind intubations, revisualize the larynx to confirm a successful intubation
*The reservoir bag, with each breath, should expand and contract
*Feel air physically moving from the tube connector with each exhalation
*Palpate the neck. Normally, you should only be able to feel one firm structure, the trachea, and if placed properly, should still only feel one structure. If you are palpating two hard structures, you are in the esophagus.
*When using a monitor for end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) (a sensor attached to the tube), seeing a normal waveform on the monitor confirms placement.
*Finally, you can evaluate the unidirectional valves and make sure they move in time with each inhale and exhale; however, it is not always a reliable indicator of success.
NEW QUESTION # 903
Many camelids are raised in zoos or used for fiber production for clothing, most commonly alpacas. You are responding to a farm call with your veterinarian during the warm months for a new owner just starting out with alpacas. You need to educate them on various common medical concerns in these new world camelids.
Which of the following would you not need to discuss with them?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Camelids describe a group of animals with three-compartment stomachs, similar to ruminants, classified as functional ruminants. While camels are an example of "old world" camelids, either dromedary (one-humped) or Bactrian (two-humped), llamas, alpacas, and guanacos are all classified as "new world" camelids.
Why this is relevant stems from the natural habitats that they were designed to inhabit. Llamas and alpacas originate in the South American Andes mountains. As a result, they are not well-adapted to the high heat and humidity in much of the United States, especially in the warmer months. As a result, they are susceptible to heat stress and related sequelae. Advise your client that they need to provide appropriate shelter with appropriate fans and ventilation to allow cooling. They need access to clean and fresh water at all times, ideally located in various shade areas to encourage learning where those cooler areas of refuge may lie. Another important means to keep them cool relies on prompt shearing of the fiber from head to toe, being careful not to remove the last 1-3 inches.
Hepatic lipidosis is commonly seen in alpacas, domestic cats, cows, ponies, goats, sheep, and humans. The disease typically occurs in middle-aged, lactating, or pregnant camelids in the presence of anorexia or significant weight loss. Fatty liver results in times of negative energy balance, causing fat to build up in the liver. Thus, ensure your client knows to offer a variety of foliage and feed to supplement and increase the energy available to the animals. Have them let you know ASAP if an animal isn't eating so that you can intervene and offer oral supplementation when needed. Some require hospitalization and supportive care. The disease can be life-threatening, and any non-eating alpaca should be promptly evaluated.
A parasite commonly seen in camelids, Paralephosstrongylus tenius, a meningeal worm, causes significant neurological disease. Signs may include ataxia, weight loss, and even death. Llamas, alpacas, and other small domestic ruminants become infected accidentally or with incidental hosts. White-tailed deer, though unsymptomatic, provide the reservoir for this disease. Thus, advise your client to minimize exposure to wildlife as best as feasible. This may include fencing and other barriers to prevent contact with deer and other species.
The only condition mentioned that, while possible, commonly doesn't need intervention is parturition and reproductive emergencies. While twins may be feasible, they usually do not deliver to term. Abortion most commonly occurs within the first two months, after which abortion rates drop to < 2% of the time. Note, llama and alpaca gestation lasts 340-350 days. The process of parturition is known as 'unpacking.'
NEW QUESTION # 904
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