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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Topic 2: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Topic 3: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Topic 4: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Topic 5: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 6: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 7: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 8: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
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NEW QUESTION # 23
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 25
What would be a benefit of using remote service affinity in a Cluster Mesh deployment?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Remote service affinity directs a global Service to prefer healthy backend endpoints located in remote clusters. This can support maintenance or staged rollouts in which the local copy of an application is temporarily unavailable or intentionally removed from service. Requests originating in the local cluster continue through the same global Service but are forwarded to the preferred remote backends, matching the use case described by D.
Cilium configures this behavior through the service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" annotation. The preference affects backend selection; it does not require clients to use a different Service address. If remote backends are available, they are marked as preferred. This provides operators with a controlled way to direct traffic away from the local deployment during an update.
Option A describes local affinity from the perspective of the cluster containing the client, not remote affinity.
Option B incorrectly introduces the Egress Gateway, which provides controlled source addresses and routing for outbound traffic rather than Cluster Mesh global-Service affinity. Option C describes the normal none affinity behavior, under which Cilium has no local-or-remote preference and can load-balance across both categories.
Remote affinity therefore enables temporary cross-cluster continuity while local application instances are updated or otherwise unavailable.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Service Affinity .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which statement is true about Mutual Authentication with Cilium?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
SPIRE supplies workload identities as SPIFFE Verifiable Identity Documents, including X.509 key material used for mutual authentication. SPIFFE's identity model supports automatic issuance, rotation, and revocation, allowing short-lived certificates to be renewed without manually distributing static credentials.
This makes D the correct statement.
Option A reverses the documented default. Cilium's default SPIRE installation requires persistent-volume support. In-memory storage can be selected for laboratory environments by disabling server data storage, but that setting causes SPIRE data to be recreated if the server pod restarts. Option B also reverses the relationship between the projects: SPIFFE defines the identity standards and APIs, while SPIRE is a production-ready implementation of SPIFFE. Cilium's mutual-authentication integration has been validated with SPIRE.
Option C overstates the operational requirement. A SPIRE server is involved, but Cilium's Helm chart can deploy and configure the supported SPIRE server and per-node agents. Administrators may provide their own deployment, yet a completely manual installation is not mandatory.
Current documentation classifies this mutual-authentication implementation as beta and notes limitations, including incompatibility with Cluster Mesh trust domains. Those maturity constraints do not change the certificate-management behavior described in D.
Official references
Cilium Mutual Authentication .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 28
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