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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Standards and compliance |
| Topic 2: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Principles and operation - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish |
| Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical evolution and modern applications |
| Topic 4: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - HMAC construction and application - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication |
| Topic 5: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Topic 6: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs - Digital signatures: purpose and process |
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NEW QUESTION # 89
(Which cryptographic operation uses a single key?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This contrasts with asymmetric cryptography, which uses a key pair (public/private). Symmetric algorithms (like AES, ChaCha20) are efficient and well-suited for bulk data encryption, but they require a secure method for key distribution because both parties must possess the same secret. Hashing is not a keyed operation by default (though HMAC is keyed); it maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest and is primarily used for integrity checking, fingerprints, and password hashing constructions. Padding is a data formatting technique (e.g., PKCS#7) used to align plaintext to a block size; it is not a cryptographic "operation" that uses a key.
Therefore, the cryptographic operation characterized by using one key shared between parties is symmetric encryption. In real systems, symmetric encryption is frequently combined with asymmetric methods for key exchange and with MACs/AEAD for integrity, producing the standard hybrid approach used in protocols like TLS and IPsec.
NEW QUESTION # 90
(What is the length (in bits) of a SHA-1 hash output?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) produces a fixed-size output of 160 bits (20 bytes). Hash output size matters in cryptography because it influences collision resistance and the effort required for various attacks.
For an ideal n-bit hash, finding a collision by generic means is expected around 2