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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Data Security and Governance | 18% | - Implement access control and authentication
- Protect sensitive data - Enforce compliance and data governance
|
| Topic 2: Data Operations and Support | 22% | - Ensure reliability and scalability - Backup, restore, and disaster recovery - Monitor and troubleshoot data pipelines
|
| Topic 3: Data Store Management | 26% | - Manage data lifecycle and storage tiers - Design and implement data storage solutions
|
| Topic 4: Data Ingestion and Transformation | 34% | - Implement data quality and validation - Ingest data from various sources
|
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問題 #303
A data engineer needs to create an AWS Lambda function that converts the format of data from .csv to Apache Parquet. The Lambda function must run only if a user uploads a .csv file to an Amazon S3 bucket.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?
答案：C
解題說明：
Option A is the correct answer because it meets the requirements with the least operational overhead. Creating an S3 event notification that has an event type of s3:ObjectCreated:* will trigger the Lambda function whenever a new object is created in the S3 bucket. Using a filter rule to generate notifications only when the suffix includes .csv will ensure that the Lambda function only runs for .csv files. Setting the ARN of the Lambda function as the destination for the event notification will directly invoke the Lambda function without any additional steps.
Option B is incorrect because it requires the user to tag the objects with .csv, which adds an extra step and increases the operational overhead.
Option C is incorrect because it uses an event type of s3:*, which will trigger the Lambda function for any S3 event, not just object creation. This could result in unnecessary invocations and increased costs.
Option D is incorrect because it involves creating and subscribing to an SNS topic, which adds an extra layer of complexity and operational overhead.
References:
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide, Chapter 3: Data Ingestion and Transformation, Section 3.2: S3 Event Notifications and Lambda Functions, Pages 67-69 Building Batch Data Analytics Solutions on AWS, Module 4: Data Transformation, Lesson 4.2: AWS Lambda, Pages 4-8 AWS Documentation Overview, AWS Lambda Developer Guide, Working with AWS Lambda Functions, Configuring Function Triggers, Using AWS Lambda with Amazon S3, Pages 1-5
問題 #304
A company receives call logs as Amazon S3 objects that contain sensitive customer information. The company must protect the S3 objects by using encryption. The company must also use encryption keys that only specific employees can access.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST effort?
答案：A
解題說明：
Option C is the best solution to meet the requirements with the least effort because server-side encryption with AWS KMS keys (SSE-KMS) is a feature that allows you to encrypt data at rest in Amazon S3 using keys managed by AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS). AWS KMS is a fully managed service that enables you to create and manage encryption keys for your AWS services and applications. AWS KMS also allows you to define granular access policies for your keys, such as who can use them to encrypt and decrypt data, and under what conditions. By using SSE-KMS, you canprotect your S3 objects by using encryption keys that only specific employees can access, without having to manage the encryption and decryption process yourself.
Option A is not a good solution because it involves using AWS CloudHSM, which is a service that provides hardware security modules (HSMs) in the AWS Cloud. AWS CloudHSM allows you to generate and use your own encryption keys on dedicated hardware that is compliant with various standards and regulations.
However, AWS CloudHSM is not a fully managed service and requires more effort to set up and maintain than AWS KMS. Moreover, AWS CloudHSM does not integrate with Amazon S3, so you have to configure the process that writes to S3 to make calls to CloudHSM to encrypt and decrypt the objects, which adds complexity and latency to the data protection process.
Option B is not a good solution because it involves using server-side encryption with customer-provided keys (SSE-C), which is a feature that allows you to encrypt data at rest in Amazon S3 using keys that you provide and manage yourself. SSE-C requires you to send your encryption key along with each request to upload or retrieve an object. However, SSE-C does not provide any mechanism to restrict access to the keys that encrypt the objects, so you have to implement your own key management and access control system, which adds more effort and risk to the data protection process.
Option D is not a good solution because it involves using server-side encryption with Amazon S3 managed keys (SSE-S3), which is a feature that allows you to encrypt data at rest in Amazon S3 using keys that are managed by Amazon S3. SSE-S3 automatically encrypts and decrypts your objects as they are uploaded and downloaded from S3. However, SSE-S3 does not allow you to control who can access the encryption keys or under what conditions. SSE-S3 uses a single encryption key for each S3 bucket, which is shared by all users who have access to the bucket. This means that you cannot restrict access to the keys that encrypt the objects by specific employees, which does not meet the requirements.
References:
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide
Protecting Data Using Server-Side Encryption with AWS KMS-Managed Encryption Keys (SSE-KMS)
- Amazon Simple Storage Service
What is AWS Key Management Service? - AWS Key Management Service
What is AWS CloudHSM? - AWS CloudHSM
Protecting Data Using Server-Side Encryption with Customer-Provided Encryption Keys (SSE-C) - Amazon Simple Storage Service Protecting Data Using Server-Side Encryption with Amazon S3-Managed Encryption Keys (SSE-S3) - Amazon Simple Storage Service
問題 #305
A data engineer uses Amazon Redshift to run resource-intensive analytics processes once every month. Every month, the data engineer creates a new Redshift provisioned cluster. The data engineer deletes the Redshift provisioned cluster after the analytics processes are complete every month. Before the data engineer deletes the cluster each month, the data engineer unloads backup data from the cluster to an Amazon S3 bucket.
The data engineer needs a solution to run the monthly analytics processes that does not require the data engineer to manage the infrastructure manually.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?
答案：A
解題說明：
Amazon Redshift Serverless is a new feature of Amazon Redshift that enables you to run SQL queries on data in Amazon S3 without provisioning or managing any clusters. You can use Amazon Redshift Serverless to automatically process the analytics workload, as it scales up and down the compute resources based on the query demand, and charges you only for the resources consumed. This solution will meet the requirements with the least operational overhead, as it does not require the data engineer to create, delete, pause, or resume any Redshift clusters, or to manage any infrastructure manually. You can use the Amazon Redshift Data API to run queries from the AWS CLI, AWS SDK, or AWS Lambda functions12.
The other options are not optimal for the following reasons:
* A. Use Amazon Step Functions to pause the Redshift cluster when the analytics processes are complete and to resume the cluster to run new processes every month. This option is not recommended, as it would still require the data engineer to create and delete a new Redshift provisioned cluster every month, which can incur additional costs and time. Moreover, this option would require the data engineer to use Amazon Step Functions to orchestrate the workflow of pausing and resuming the cluster, which can add complexity and overhead.
* C. Use the AWS CLI to automatically process the analytics workload. This option is vague and does not specify how the AWS CLI is used to process the analytics workload. The AWS CLI can be used to run queries on data in Amazon S3 using Amazon Redshift Serverless, Amazon Athena, or Amazon EMR, but each of these services has different features and benefits. Moreover, this option does not address the requirement of not managing the infrastructure manually, as the data engineer may still need to provision and configure some resources, such as Amazon EMR clusters or Amazon Athena workgroups.
* D. Use AWS CloudFormation templates to automatically process the analytics workload. This option is also vague and does not specify how AWS CloudFormation templates are used to process the analytics workload. AWS CloudFormation is a service that lets you model and provision AWS resources using templates. You can use AWS CloudFormation templates to create and delete a Redshift provisioned cluster every month, or to create and configure other AWS resources, such as Amazon EMR, Amazon Athena, or Amazon Redshift Serverless. However, this option does not address the requirement of not managing the infrastructure manually, as the data engineer may still need to write and maintain the AWS CloudFormation templates, and to monitor the status and performance of the resources.
References:
* 1: Amazon Redshift Serverless
* 2: Amazon Redshift Data API
* : Amazon Step Functions
* : AWS CLI
* : AWS CloudFormation
問題 #306
A data engineer develops an AWS Glue Apache Spark ETL job to perform transformations on a dataset.
When the data engineer runs the job, the job returns an error that reads, "No space left on device." The data engineer needs to identify the source of the error and provide a solution.
Which combinations of steps will meet this requirement MOST cost-effectively? (Select TWO.)
答案：B,C
解題說明：
A "No space left on device" error typically results fromdata skeworlarge shuffle stages. The best actions are:
* B. Monitor using Spark UI and Glue metricsto find skewed partitions or executor issues.
* D. Use --write-shuffle-files-to-s3to offload intermediate data to S3 instead of local disk, andapply saltingto reduce skew.
"You can reduce the impact of data skew and large shuffle operations by monitoring with Spark UI and enabling the --write-shuffle-files-to-s3 option. Salting can help rebalance the skewed keys."
-Ace the AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate Certification - version 2 - apple.pdf Scaling out workers (A, C) is more costly and less efficient if the root cause (skew) is not fixed.
問題 #307
A data engineer must orchestrate a series of Amazon Athena queries that will run every day. Each query can run for more than 15 minutes.
Which combination of steps will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively? (Choose two.)
答案：B,C
解題說明：
Option A and B are the correct answers because they meet the requirements most cost-effectively. Using an AWS Lambda function and the Athena Boto3 client start_query_execution API call to invoke the Athena queries programmatically is a simple and scalable way to orchestrate the queries. Creating an AWS Step Functions workflow and adding two states to check the query status and invoke the next query is a reliable and efficient way to handle the long-running queries.
Option C is incorrect because using an AWS Glue Python shell job to invoke the Athena queries programmatically is more expensive than using a Lambda function, as it requires provisioning and running a Glue job for each query.
Option D is incorrect because using an AWS Glue Python shell script to run a sleep timer that checks every 5 minutes to determine whether the current Athena query has finished running successfully is not a cost-effective or reliable way to orchestrate the queries, as it wastes resources and time.
Option E is incorrect because using Amazon Managed Workflows for Apache Airflow (Amazon MWAA) to orchestrate the Athena queries in AWS Batch is an overkill solution that introduces unnecessary complexity and cost, as it requires setting up and managing an Airflow environment and an AWS Batch compute environment.
References:
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide, Chapter 5: Data Orchestration, Section 5.2: AWS Lambda, Section 5.3: AWS Step Functions, Pages 125-135 Building Batch Data Analytics Solutions on AWS, Module 5: Data Orchestration, Lesson 5.1: AWS Lambda, Lesson 5.2: AWS Step Functions, Pages 1-15 AWS Documentation Overview, AWS Lambda Developer Guide, Working with AWS Lambda Functions, Configuring Function Triggers, Using AWS Lambda with Amazon Athena, Pages 1-4 AWS Documentation Overview, AWS Step Functions Developer Guide, Getting Started, Tutorial:
Create a Hello World Workflow, Pages 1-8
問題 #308
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