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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Probability Concepts | 20% | - Normal distribution and empirical rule - Conditional probability and Venn diagrams - Discrete and continuous probability distributions - Probability rules, independent and dependent events |
| Inferential Statistics & Study Design | 20% | - Confidence intervals for means/proportions - Observational studies vs experiments - Sampling methods and bias - Hypothesis testing framework and interpretation |
| Descriptive Statistics | 25% | - Graphical displays: histograms, boxplots, scatterplots - Types of data: categorical, discrete, continuous - Measures of center: mean, median, mode - Measures of spread: range, IQR, variance, standard deviation |
| Correlation & Regression | 20% | - Interpreting slope, intercept, and R-squared - Predictions and limitations of regression - Simple linear regression models - Correlation coefficient and interpretation |
| Basic Numeracy & Algebra | 15% | - Exponents, roots, and basic formulas - Linear equations, inequalities, graphing functions - Arithmetic operations, fractions, decimals, percentages |
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質問 # 46
Empirical probability is based on:
正解：C
解説：
Empirical probability is based on observed data collected from experiments, surveys, simulations, or repeated trials. It is calculated as the relative frequency of an event: number of times the event occurs divided by the total number of trials or observations. For example, if a machine produces 12 defective items in a sample of
300, the empirical probability of a defect is 12/300 = 0.04. This differs from classical or theoretical probability, which is based on equally likely outcomes and mathematical structure, such as a fair die having probability 1/6 for each face. It also differs from subjective probability, which is based on personal judgment or expert belief rather than observed frequency. The word "empirical" signals evidence obtained through observation, so observed frequency is the correct basis. Study Guide references/topics: empirical probability, relative frequency, observed data, probability interpretation.
質問 # 47
A spinner is divided into four equal sections labeled A, B, C, and D.
What is the sample space for this experiment?
正解：A
解説：
The sample space of a probability experiment is the complete set of all possible outcomes. In this experiment, the spinner has four equal sections labeled A, B, C, and D. Since one spin can land on exactly one of those four labeled sections, the possible outcomes are A, B, C, and D. Therefore, the sample space is {A, B, C, D}.
Option A incorrectly adds E, which is not listed as a section on the spinner. Option B groups labels into combined outcomes, but the experiment is a single spin, not a two-part or paired event. Option C uses numerical labels, but the spinner sections are identified by letters, not numbers. Equal section size affects the probability of each outcome, making each outcome have probability 1/4, but it does not change the sample space itself. References/topics from the Study Guide: probability experiments, outcomes, sample space, equally likely events.
質問 # 48
A biologist is studying the relationship between plant species, species A, species B, and species C, and the average height of the plants.
How should this study be classified?
正解：D
解説：
This study compares two variables: plant species and average plant height. Plant species is categorical because it places each plant into a named group, such as species A, species B, or species C. These categories are labels rather than numerical measurements. Average height, however, is quantitative because it is measured numerically and can be compared using arithmetic operations such as differences, averages, and ranges. Since the explanatory or grouping variable is categorical and the measured outcome is quantitative, the relationship is classified as categorical-to-quantitative. This classification determines which statistical tools are appropriate. For example, side-by-side box plots, group means, or comparative summaries would be suitable because they compare numerical measurements across categories. A categorical-to-categorical study would involve two label-based variables, such as species and color group. A quantitative-to-quantitative study would involve two numerical variables, such as height and growth rate. References/topics from the Study Guide: two-variable data, categorical variables, quantitative variables, comparative statistical summaries.
質問 # 49
A school surveyed student participation in extracurricular activities. The survey found:
* The drama club had 50% of students participate.
* The science club had 30% of students participate.
* Both clubs had 15% of students participate.
What is the probability that a student participated in the drama club, given that they attended the science club?
正解：C
解説：
This question asks for a conditional probability. The phrase "given that they attended the science club" means the science club group becomes the restricted reference group. The required probability is P(drama club | science club), which is calculated as P(drama and science) divided by P(science). The problem states that 15% of students participated in both clubs, so P(drama and science) = 0.15. It also states that 30% participated in the science club, so P(science) = 0.30. Therefore, P(drama | science) = 0.15 ÷ 0.30 = 0.50. This means that among students who attended the science club, half also participated in drama club. Option A gives the joint probability, not the conditional probability. Option B gives only the science club participation rate. Option C does not match the conditional probability calculation. References/topics from the Study Guide: conditional probability, joint probability, probability ratios, two-event probability.
質問 # 50
Probability of exactly 1 head in 2 coin flips = ?
正解：C
解説：
Two coin flips produce four equally likely ordered outcomes: HH, HT, TH, and TT. Exactly one head occurs in two of these outcomes: HT and TH. Therefore, the probability is 2 favorable outcomes out of 4 total outcomes, or 2/4 = 1/2. This can also be computed using the binomial model. There are n = 2 independent trials, success probability p = 1/2, and exactly one success is required. The binomial calculation is C(2,1)(1/2)