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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Secret management - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Pod Security Standards - Security contexts |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - RBAC configuration - API access restriction - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - Service account security |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - SBOM & CI/CD security - Image security & scanning - Signed artifacts & verification - Permitted registries - Static analysis tools |
| System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Least privilege IAM - Minimize OS attack surface - Network access control |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Incident investigation - Container immutability - Threat detection (Falco) - Behavioral analytics - Audit log configuration |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Network security policies - Secure Ingress configuration - Binary verification - CIS benchmark compliance - Node metadata protection |
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NEW QUESTION # 59
You are setting up a Kubernetes cluster that requires strong security measures. You need to implement several security best practices, including.
- Pod Security Policy: Implement a default Pod Security Policy that restricts resource requests, limits privilege escalation, and disables container root access.
- Network Policy: Configure network policies to restrict communication between pods within the cluster, enforcing a principle of least privilege.
- Admission Controller: Use the 'PodSecurityPolicys admission controller to enforce the defined Pod Security Policy rules.
How would you set up a secure Kubernetes cluster, including the configuration of a default Pod Security Policy, network policies, and the 'PodSecuntyP01icy' admission controller, to enforce these security best practices?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Default Pod Security Policy:
- Create a YAML file named 'psp.yaml' with the following content:
2. Create Network Policies: - Create separate YAML files for each network policy you need. - For example, a policy to restrict communication between pods in the 'frontend' and 'backend' namespaces could be defined as:
3. Enable the 'PodSecurityPolicy' Admission Controller: - Modify the Kubernetes API server configuration (e.g., vetc'kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml') to enable the 'PodSecurityPolicy' admission controller: - Add the following line: '--admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,PodSecurityPolicy' 4. Apply the Configuration: - Apply the 'psp.yaml' and network policy files to the cluster using 'kubectl apply -f -yamr - Restart the Kubernetes API server for the changes to take effect. 5. Test the Configuration: - Try to create a pod that violates the Pod Security Policy rules. - You should see an error message indicating that the PodSecurityPolicy is preventing the pod creatiom - Test the network policies by attempting to communicate between pods and verifying that traffic is restricted according to the defined rules. 6. Monitor and Adjust - Monitor the cluster for any potential issues caused by the security policies. - Adjust the policies as needed based on evolving security requirements and application needs. Note: It's recommended to use a tool like 'kubectl apply -f -s to pipe the content of the YAML files to the command for applying the resources.
NEW QUESTION # 60
You are running a web application in a Kubemetes cluster- You want to restrict access to the web application's API endpoints to specific IP addresses. Explain how to implement this using Ingress and NetworkPolicy.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create an Ingress Resource:
- Create an 'Ingress' resource that defines the rules for routing traffic to the web application.
- This example allows access to the API endpoints '/api/v1' and /api/v2S from the IP addresses '10.0.0.10' and '192.168.1.1'
- It also allows access to the 'r endpoint from any IP address.
2. Create a NetworkPolicy: - Create a 'NetworkPolicy' resource that enforces the IP address restrictions. - This example allows traffic from the IP addresses '10.0.0.10' and '192.168.1. I' to the web application's service. - You can create a more specific policy for each API endpoint if needed.
3. Apply the Resources: - Apply the 'Ingress' and 'NetworkPolicy' resources using 'kubectl apply' - For example: 'kubectl apply -f web-app-ingress.yaml and 'kubectl apply -f web-app-network-policy.yaml 4. Verify the Configuration: - Access the web application's API endpoints from the allowed IP addresses. - Verity that the requests are successful. - Attempt to access the API endpoints from other IP addresses. - Verify that these attempts are blocked.
NEW QUESTION # 61
You need to implement a secure network policy that allows communication only between specific pods within a namespace. For example, you want to allow communication between pods that have the label 'app=frontend' and pods that have the label 'app=backend', but block all other communication within the namespace.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkPolicy:
- Define a NetworkP01icy that allows communication between 'frontend' and 'backend' pods, but blocks other communication within the namespace.
2. Create a Frontend Pod: - Create a Pod with the label 'app=frontend'.
3. Create a Backend Pod: - Create a Pod With the label 'app=backend'.
4. Apply the YAML files: - Apply the created YAML files using ' kubectl apply -f 5. Verify the Network Policy: - Try to connect from the 'frontend-pod' to the 'backend-pod' (e.g., using ' kubectl exec -it frontend-pod bash' and 'curl backend-pod:80')- It should succeed. - Try to connect from the 'frontend-pod' to another pod in the namespace that doesn't have the Sapp-backend' label. This connection should be blocked.
NEW QUESTION # 62
SIMULATION
Context
You must implement auditing for the kubeadm provisioned cluster.
Task
First, reconfigure the cluster 's API server, so that:
. the basic audit policy located at
/etc/kubernetes/logpolicy/audit-policy.yaml is used,
. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes/audit-logs.txt,
. and a maximum of 2 logs are retained for 10 days.
The cluster uses the Docker Engine as its container runtime . If needed, use the docker command to troubleshoot running containers.
The basic policy only specifies what not to log.
Next, edit and extend the basic policy to log:
. namespaces interactions at RequestResponse level
. the request body of deployments interactions in the namespace webapps
. ConfigMap and Secret interactions in all namespaces at the Metadata level
. all other requests at the Metadata level
Make sure the API server uses the extended policy.
Failure to do so may result in a reduced score.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000028
sudo -i
(If hostname differs in your exam, use the one shown in the question banner.)
2) Edit the API server static pod manifest
API server is a static pod in kubeadm.
vi /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
3) Configure API server to enable auditing
Inside the command: section, ensure ALL of the following flags exist
(add them if missing, modify if present).
3.1 Use the given audit policy file
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/logpolicy/audit-policy.yaml
3.2 Store audit logs at the required location
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/audit-logs.txt
3.3 Retain a maximum of 2 log files
- --audit-log-maxbackup=2
3.4 Retain logs for 10 days
- --audit-log-maxage=10
✅ Example (your file may have more flags - that's fine):
- command:
- kube-apiserver
- --audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/logpolicy/audit-policy.yaml
- --audit-log-path=/var/log/kubernetes/audit-logs.txt
- --audit-log-maxbackup=2
- --audit-log-maxage=10
Save and exit:
:wq
The API server will auto-restart (static pod).
Optional quick check:
docker ps | grep kube-apiserver
4) Edit and EXTEND the audit policy
Open the given basic policy:
vi /etc/kubernetes/logpolicy/audit-policy.yaml
The file already contains rules for what NOT to log.
You must ADD rules BELOW them (do not delete existing ones).
5) Add the required audit rules (EXACT ORDER)
Append the following rules in this order (order matters in audit policies).
5.1 Log namespaces interactions at RequestResponse
- level: RequestResponse
resources:
- group: ""
resources: ["namespaces"]
5.2 Log deployment request bodies in namespace webapps
- level: RequestResponse
namespaces: ["webapps"]
resources:
- group: "apps"
resources: ["deployments"]
5.3 Log ConfigMap and Secret interactions (all namespaces) at Metadata
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: ""
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"]
5.4 Log all other requests at Metadata
This must be LAST
- level: Metadata
5.5 Final audit-policy.yaml should END like this
# (existing "do not log" rules above)
- level: RequestResponse
resources:
- group: ""
resources: ["namespaces"]
- level: RequestResponse
namespaces: ["webapps"]
resources:
- group: "apps"
resources: ["deployments"]
- level: Metadata
resources:
- group: ""
resources: ["configmaps", "secrets"]
- level: Metadata
Save and exit:
:wq
6) Make sure API server uses the EXTENDED policy
Touch the manifest to guarantee reload:
touch /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
Wait a few seconds.
7) Verify auditing is working
7.1 Check audit log file exists
ls -l /var/log/kubernetes/audit-logs.txt
7.2 Generate test activity
kubectl get namespaces
kubectl get configmaps -A
7.3 Confirm logs are written
tail -n 20 /var/log/kubernetes/audit-logs.txt
You should see audit entries.
NEW QUESTION # 63
SIMULATION
Documentation
ServiceAccount, Deployment,
Projected Volumes
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000033
Context
A security audit has identified a Deployment improperly handling service account tokens, which could lead to security vulnerabilities.
Task
First, modify the existing ServiceAccount stats-monitor-sa in the namespace monitoring to turn off automounting of API credentials.
Next, modify the existing Deployment stats-monitor in the namespace monitoring to inject a ServiceAccount token mounted at /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token.
Use a Projected Volume named token to inject the ServiceAccount token and ensure that it is mounted read-only.
The Deployment's manifest file can be found at /home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to correct host
ssh cks000033
sudo -i
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
2) Patch the ServiceAccount to disable automounting
Task: turn off automounting of API credentials for stats-monitor-sa in monitoring.
kubectl -n monitoring patch sa stats-monitor-sa -p '{"automountServiceAccountToken": false}' Verify:
kubectl -n monitoring get sa stats-monitor-sa -o yaml | grep -i automount
3) Edit the Deployment manifest file
Task says to modify the manifest at:
/home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml
vi /home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml
4) In the Deployment, ensure it uses the ServiceAccount AND inject token via Projected Volume
4.1 Make sure Deployment uses the SA
Under:
spec: -> template: -> spec:
ensure:
serviceAccountName: stats-monitor-sa
(If it already exists, leave it; don't add extra changes beyond requirements.)
4.2 Add a projected volume named token
Under:
spec: -> template: -> spec: -> volumes:
add (or modify existing volume if present) so it is exactly:
- name: token
projected:
sources:
- serviceAccountToken:
path: token
This creates the file token inside the mounted directory, so the final path becomes:
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
4.3 Mount the projected volume read-only at the required location
Under the target container:
spec: -> template: -> spec: -> containers: -> (your container) -> volumeMounts:
Add:
- name: token
mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
readOnly: true
✅ This satisfies:
Projected volume name: token
Mount path: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token (file inside mount) Mounted read-only
4.4 Important: Don't break default token mount behavior
Because you disabled SA automounting at the ServiceAccount level, you must explicitly mount the projected token (done above). That's the whole point of this task.
Save and exit:
:wq
5) Apply the updated Deployment
kubectl -n monitoring apply -f /home/candidate/stats-monitor/deployment.yaml Wait rollout:
kubectl -n monitoring rollout status deployment/stats-monitor
6) Verify the token file exists in the running Pod
Get a pod name:
POD=$(kubectl -n monitoring get pods -l app=stats-monitor -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') echo $POD Check the token file path exists:
kubectl -n monitoring exec -it $POD -- ls -l /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token Optional: confirm it's mounted read-only (usually shown by mount options):
kubectl -n monitoring exec -it $POD -- mount | grep /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
✅ What the examiner checks
SA stats-monitor-sa has:
automountServiceAccountToken: false
Deployment stats-monitor mounts a projected volume named token
Token file is at:
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
Mount is readOnly: true
If label selector doesn't match (-l app=stats-monitor)
Use:
kubectl -n monitoring get pods
Then set:
POD=<paste-pod-name>
NEW QUESTION # 64
......
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New CKS Test Objectives: https://www.prepawayexam.com/Linux-Foundation/braindumps.CKS.ete.file.html
P.S. Free & New CKS dumps are available on Google Drive shared by PrepAwayExam: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1aF2GdsNvGNd_pR_BDFm0sldZcLWRuRpZ