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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Principles and operation - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - HMAC construction and application |
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Digital signatures: purpose and process - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Principles: public/private key pairs - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman |
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NEW QUESTION # 67
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash = same password" shortcut attackers rely on.
NEW QUESTION # 68
(Which encryption algorithm uses an 80-bit key and operates on 64-bit data blocks?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher historically associated with the Clipper chip initiative. Its defining parameters match the question: it operates on 64-bit blocks and uses an 80-bit key. The other options do not fit those exact sizes. Twofish is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes up to 256 bits. Blowfish is a 64-bit block cipher, but its key size is variable from 32 up to 448 bits and is not fixed at 80 bits as a defining property.
Camellia is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Skipjack's smaller key size and legacy design make it unsuitable for modern security needs, but the question is purely about identifying the algorithm that matches an 80-bit key and 64-bit blocks. Therefore, the correct answer is Skipjack.
NEW QUESTION # 69
(What is the RC4 encryption key size when utilizing WPA with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
WPA with TKIP was designed as an interim improvement over WEP while still using the RC4 stream cipher for compatibility with legacy hardware. TKIP addresses WEP's major weaknesses by introducing per-packet key mixing, a message integrity mechanism ("Michael"), and replay protection. In TKIP, the encryption key used with RC4 is 128 bits. Practically, TKIP derives a per-packet RC4 key from a 128-bit temporal key (TK), the transmitter's MAC address, and a sequence counter (TKIP Sequence Counter, TSC) to avoid the simple IV reuse patterns that made WEP easy to break. Even with these improvements, TKIP has known weaknesses and is deprecated in favor of WPA2/WPA3 using AES-based CCMP/GCMP. But strictly for the question asked, TKIP's RC4 keying material is based on a 128-bit key size, not 40/56-bit legacy sizes and not 256-bit.
NEW QUESTION # 70
(Which encryption algorithm uses an 80-bit key and operates on 64-bit data blocks?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Skipjack is a symmetric block cipher historically associated with the Clipper chip initiative. Its defining parameters match the question: it operates on 64-bit blocks and uses an 80-bit key. The other options do not fit those exact sizes. Twofish is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes up to 256 bits. Blowfish is a
64-bit block cipher, but its key size is variable from 32 up to 448 bits and is not fixed at 80 bits as a defining property. Camellia is a 128-bit block cipher with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. Skipjack's smaller key size and legacy design make it unsuitable for modern security needs, but the question is purely about identifying the algorithm that matches an 80-bit key and 64-bit blocks. Therefore, the correct answer is Skipjack.
NEW QUESTION # 71
(Which type of exploit involves looking for different inputs that generate the same hash?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
A birthday attack targets hash functions by exploiting the birthday paradox: collisions (two different inputs producing the same hash output) can be found much faster than brute-forcing a specific preimage. For an n-bit hash, the expected work t o find any collision is on the order of 2
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