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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
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NEW QUESTION # 442
Which component of anesthesia protocols provides pain relief?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The analgesia component of anesthesia provides pain relief. Types of analgesics include opioids, local anesthetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and a2 agonists.
Amnesia is the anesthetic component that causes memory loss.
Immobilization is the anesthetic component that causes the patient's inability to move.
Anticholinergics prevent or treat bradycardia.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1010.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 427-431.
NEW QUESTION # 443
When preparing an endotracheal tube for a patient, besides ensuring you have the right sized cuff for the patient's size, you want to check all except which of the following occurs?
Answer: B
Explanation:
When checking endotracheal tubes to prepare for a surgical procedure, always make sure:
*It is the correct length, diameter, and cuff size for the patient
*That the size and diameter are correct and that the cuff properly inflates and remains inflated after detaching the syringe used to fill it with air
*The connector is secured sufficiently and not loose
*No damages to the tube are present, such as holes or blockages (which, if cleaned properly, shouldn't be an issue)
*If planning to use a stylet, always ensure that the stylet is no longer than the tube, not extending beyond the tube's end, to prevent trauma to the airway as intubating. Stylets can be valuable tools to assist in intubation, making the tube a bit more rigid and easier to pass. Still, care needs to be taken to prevent any damage to the airway. Keeping the stylet within the tube helps minimize risk.
*Lubricate the tube if needed with a bit of sterile water-soluble lubricant or even the patient's own saliva right before placement
NEW QUESTION # 444
Which positive contrast medium is preferred when performing an esophagram on a dog for evaluation of dysphagia?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Barium liquid mixed with food is used to evaluate dysphagia (swallowing disorders). Barium liquid by syringe flows best in cases of suspected esophageal obstructions. Barium paste is ideal for coating the esophageal mucosal lining, such as with ulcers. Most dogs will have all three barium preparations administered as part of a complete esophageal study.
Iodinated solutions have poor coating function and can cause hyperosmotic diarrhea, so are only indicated with suspected esophageal perforations. Otherwise, a barium product is preferred.
NEW QUESTION # 445
An owner is against euthanasi
a. However, her 13-year-old MN Boston Terrier is dying from stage 4 renal failure and unregulated diabetes mellitus. The owner understands that without diabetes treatment, this will have further negative impacts on the kidneys and may have ill effects on the heart, neurological system, and more. However, she does not believe in euthanasia. You and your veterinarian attempt to speak to the owner about suffering and being able to humanely end the pet's suffering. You discuss the quality of life and how it will continue to decline as the pet suffers. However, the owner fails to consent to euthanasia. You discuss hospice care with the owner. However, this, too, she rejects. You struggle with this owner because you feel that her beliefs create undue suffering for her pet. However, moving forward, your job will be to educate her on what to expect with the dying process. You cannot tell her how long it will take, but you can tell her what to expect in the days to weeks ahead. The only treatment the owner agrees to give the pet, if he will tolerate it without stress, is daily subcutaneous fluid therapy to provide minimal hydration. You want to support the owner in the natural death process and prepare her as best as possible for what she will see.
What may the owner see in the days to hours preceding death?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Depending on how fast the pet succumbs will depend on how long the changes will take to occur. However, with hospice care, we assume the initial changes include behavioral changes. Some may become the velcro pet, never leaving an owner's side, while others hide and become withdrawn. Further, signs of dehydration will become more and more evident. If the owner continues to give SQ fluids and they are being absorbed, that is a good sign; however, if the fluids are not getting absorbed, swelling and fluid accumulation becomes evident in the distal limbs, the fluid administration should cease, which suggests worsening condition.
As death comes closer (within one to two weeks or less), animals become agitated, disoriented, and even confused. Additional signs of cognitive dysfunction may become apparent. Blood pressure, body temperature, appetite, and fluid intake will continue to decline.
Days to hours before death, animals may show a "swan song." Owners often describe the day before death as almost puppy-like again, that resurgence of energy before they succumb. Irregular breathing, incontinence, cool extremities, and further drop in blood pressure closely follow this. If there is any appetite, it will continue to decline, as will water consumption. Because this pet is already in renal failure, these changes may occur much more rapidly. The pet may give off a worsening odor "of death" (a combination of uremia and ketosis in this pet). Finally, the heart's rate and rhythm will become slower and more irregular.
In the final moments prior to death, animals will show agonal breathing and may arch their head back, stretching out their limbs. They will usually let go of urine and feces. They may continue to gasp for breath before finally going into cardiac arrest. The eyes will not close but instead remain fixed and dilated, something that owners are never prepared for and expect the opposite.
Sometimes, once you explain all this to an owner, they become horrified that they may have to watch this and that their pet will suffer. Still, others are so set in their ways, religious beliefs, or desire to spend as much time with the pet as feasible that they prefer this inhumane death to euthanasia. We cannot let our own judgments or opinions interfere. We must permit the owner to say goodbye in a way in which they are comfortable.
NEW QUESTION # 446
A 24 ounce bird needs a 4 mg/kg dose of propofol. The propofol comes in 20 mL vials and a concentration of 10 mg/mL.
What is the weight of the bird in kilograms?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 447
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