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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Network Forensics | - Packet capture and log analysis - Network traffic analysis |
| Computer Forensics Fundamentals | - Evidence acquisition and preservation techniques - File systems and data storage concepts |
| Malware and Incident Investigation | - Malware identification and analysis basics - Incident response procedures and reporting |
| Introduction to Digital Forensics | - Fundamentals of digital forensics and investigation process - Types of digital evidence and forensic readiness |
| Windows and Disk Forensics | - Windows artifacts and registry analysis - Disk imaging and analysis techniques |
| Digital Evidence Handling and Legal Aspects | - Legal and ethical considerations in forensics - Chain of custody and evidence integrity |
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NEW QUESTION # 60
Bob, a forensic investigator, is investigating a live Windows system found at a crime scene. In this process, Bob extracted subkeys containing information such as SAM, Security, and software using an automated tool called FTK Imager.
Which of the following Windows Registry hives' subkeys provide the above information to Bob?
Answer: B
Explanation:
In Windows forensics, the Registry is organized into logical root keys ("hives") that aggregate configuration and security data. The items named in the question-SAM,SECURITY, andSOFTWARE-aresystem-wide registry hivesstored on disk (typically under the system's configuration directory) and loaded at runtime underHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM). Investigators rely on these hives because they contain high- value evidence: theSAMhive stores local account database information (including user and group identifiers and credential-related material), theSECURITYhive holds system security policy and LSA-related settings, and theSOFTWAREhive contains installed software, application configuration, and many operating system settings relevant for program execution and persistence analysis.
Tools likeFTK Imagercan extract these hives (or their live-memory representations) during triage to preserve volatile context and enable offline parsing while maintaining evidentiary integrity. The other root keys do not match these specific hives:HKEY_CURRENT_USERis per-user profile data, HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIGreflects current hardware profile, andHKEY_CLASSES_ROOTis primarily file association/COM class mapping (largely derived from HKLM\Software\Classes and HKCU\Software\Classes). Therefore, the correct hive root that provides SAM, SECURITY, and SOFTWARE subkeys isHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (B).
NEW QUESTION # 61
Which of the following standards and criteria version of SWGDE mandates that any action with the potential to alter, damage, or destroy any aspect of original evidence must be performed by qualified persons in a forensically sound manner?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The statement in the question matchesSWGDE Principle 1, Standards and Criteria 1.7, which explicitly requires thatany action that could alter, damage, or destroy original digital evidence must be performed by qualified personnel in a forensically sound manner. In digital forensics doctrine, this requirement exists because digital evidence is highly fragile: routine interactions (booting a system, opening a file, connecting storage, running commands) can change timestamps, overwrite unallocated space, modify logs, or trigger encryption/key rotation. SWGDE's emphasis on "qualified persons" and "forensically sound manner" aligns with core evidentiary expectations: minimizing changes to original media, using controlled and repeatable methods (e.g., write-blocking, validated imaging, documented procedures), and ensuring actions are defensible under scrutiny.
Options 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5 relate to broader quality and procedural requirements (quality systems, SOP review, appropriate tools), but they do not contain the specific mandate about potentially altering original evidence.
The exact phrasing about alteration/damage/destruction and qualified handling is associated withStandards and Criteria 1.7, makingBthe correct choice.
NEW QUESTION # 62
Which of the following hives in the Windows Registry hierarchical database is volatile in nature and contains file-extension association information and programmatic identifier (ProgID), Class ID (CLSID), and Interface ID (IID) data?
Answer: C
Explanation:
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR)is the Windows Registry location that storesfile-association and COM registration data, including mappings forfile extensions(e.g.,.docx) toProgIDs, and COM object identifiers such asCLSIDand interface-related identifiers likeIID. In forensic examinations, HKCR is frequently consulted to determine which application is registered to open a specific file type, to identify COM objects that may enable persistence or abuse (e.g., through COM hijacking), and to correlate suspicious registry-based execution mechanisms with installed software.
HKCR is often described asvolatile in naturebecause it is not a single standalone hive file stored independently in the same way as SAM or SYSTEM; instead, it is amerged, runtime viewcreated by the OS primarily fromHKLM\Software\Classes(machine-wide registrations) andHKCU\Software\Classes(per-user overrides). This means what you see under HKCR can vary depending on the current user context and system state, and the effective associations/registrations may change when software is installed, updated, or when per- user settings override machine defaults.
The other options represent different scopes: HKLM is system configuration, HKCU is user profile configuration, and HKCC reflects the current hardware profile-not the primary COM/file association repository.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Which of the following file systems is developed by Apple to support Mac OS in its proprietary Macintosh system and replace the Macintosh File System (MFS)?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Apple's original Macintosh computers initially usedMFS (Macintosh File System), which had important limitations, including a relatively flat directory model and constraints that became problematic as storage sizes and file organization needs grew. To address these limitations, Apple introducedHFS (Hierarchical File System)-explicitly designed to replace MFS and provide a truehierarchical directory structure(folders within folders), improved metadata handling, and better scalability for the Macintosh platform. From a digital forensics perspective, this historical transition matters because examiners may encounter legacy Macintosh media or disk images where understanding the file system family helps interpret catalog structures, allocation behavior, and metadata artifacts.
The other options do not fit the "replace MFS" requirement.NTFSis Microsoft's Windows file system.APFS (Apple File System)is Apple's modern file system introduced much later (primarily for SSDs, with features like snapshots and strong encryption support) and it replaced HFS+ in newer macOS versions-not MFS.
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)is a UNIX/Linux directory layout standard, not a Macintosh disk file system. Therefore, the Apple-developed file system that replaced MFS isHierarchical File System (HFS), which corresponds toOption D.
NEW QUESTION # 64
Which of the following acts was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporations?
Answer: B
Explanation:
TheSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)was enacted by the U.S. Congress in2002in response to major corporate accounting scandals and was specifically designed toprotect investorsby improving the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of corporate disclosures and financial reporting. SOX strengthens governance and accountability by requiring executive management (notably the CEO and CFO) to certify the correctness of financial statements and by mandating stronger internal controls over financial reporting. From a digital forensics and compliance perspective, SOX is closely tied to the need for reliableaudit trails, properrecords retention, and demonstrable control over systems that store or process financial data. Investigators frequently rely on SOX- driven logging, access controls, and change management records to determine who accessed financial systems, what changes were made, and whether those actions align with authorized procedures.
The other options do not match the question's purpose or jurisdiction: theElectronic Communications Privacy Actaddresses interception and access to electronic communications,GDPRis an EU data protection regulation (not a 2002 U.S. act focused on investor protection), and "Information Privacy Act 2014" is not the 2002 U.S.
corporate anti-fraud legislation. Therefore, the correct answer isSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) (C).
NEW QUESTION # 65
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