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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Topic 2: Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Topic 3: Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Topic 4: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Topic 5: Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Topic 6: Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Topic 7: Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Topic 8: Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Topic 9: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
Wenn Sie die AAVSB VTNE (Veterinary Technician National Exam) Zertifizierungsprüfung bestehen wollen, hier kann PrüfungFrage Ihr Ziel erreichen. Wir sind uns im Klar, dass Sie die die VTNE Zertifizierungsprüfung wollen. Unser Versprechen sind die wissenschaftliche und qualitativ hochwertige Prüfungsfragen und Antworten zur VTNE Zertifizierungsprüfung.
1215. Frage
During which phase of nociception does the brain interact with the nerves to modulate or alter the pain experience?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Nociceptive pain is caused by an injury, physical pressure, or inflammation of some part of the body. When nociceptors detect physical damage to the body, they create electrical signals that travel through the spinal cord to the brain.
Four steps occur rapidly:
1. Transduction: Tissue injury triggers the release of chemicals that excite nociceptive nerve fibers.
2. Transmission: The "pain message" moves from the skin, bones, joints, or internal organs toward the spinal cord, and then to the brain. Once in the brain, the signal continues through the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebral cortex, to form a "map" of the pain.
3. Modulation: The brain interacts with nerves to modulate the pain experience. For example, it can adjust the intensity and duration of pain signals.
4. Perception: The subject becomes aware or conscious of the pain.
1216. Frage
Which route of administration describes application to surfaces of the skin or mucous membranes?
Antwort: D
1217. Frage
According to the physical status classifications published by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), which of the following conditions meets an ASA I classification?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
Castration is acceptable under an ASA I classification. Representative conditions for an ASA I physical status classification include elective procedures. An ASA I classification requires the patient to be overtly healthy, Obesity grants the patient an ASA II classification. It represents a patient with a low risk due to mild systemic disease.
A heart murmur is an ASA III classification, representing a patient at moderate risk due to potentially severe systemic disease.
Liver and kidney failure warrant an ASA IV classification. These patients are at high risk due to severe systemic, potentially life-threatening disease.
1218. Frage
Horses with underlying neurological and musculoskeletal diseases frequently become recumbent. Suppose you have a hospitalized horse who cannot ambulate. In that case, you must monitor the normal TPR parameters and ensure you do what multiple times per day?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Down horses cannot properly maintain circulation and may have decreased perfusion and muscle compression damage within a few hours of being down. Suppose movement isn't initiated by the horse. In that case, staff must rotate the horse's position and down limbs ideally every 6 hours to improve circulation, minimize muscle damage, lessen the risk of slowing the GI tract, and monitor and prevent decubital ulcers (pressure sores).
Multiple staff will be needed to rotate the horse's position. In between rotations, passive range of motion exercises using the up legs can improve circulation and further decrease the risk of muscle damage. Upon rotation, ensure the bedding remains unsoiled to minimize the risk of bacteria wicking up the bedding and entering the horse via wounds, urinary tract, or other locations. Monitor stool production and ensure soft moistened feed to encourage easier defecation.
Down horses provide a challenge and often do not survive if they remain down longer than 1-2 weeks at most with hospitalized care.
1219. Frage
When discharging patients, always warn owners of untoward side effects of any medications received while in the hospital, regardless of when that medication was administered. Duration of effects varies from species to species and within species.
After administration of which of the following drugs should you be sure to warn an owner that personality changes may occur, even aggressive behavior in a non-aggressive patient?
Antwort: C
Begründung:
Acepromazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer, aids in calming and sedating patients prior to anesthesia. This can help smooth the transition from pre-induction to induction through the procedure and during recovery. Acepromazine, a commonly used phenothiazine in veterinary medicine, has several benefits and effects, including:
*Induces mild to moderate sedation
*Has antiemetic properties
*Has antiarrhythmic properties
*Causes little respiratory depression
*Causes little cardiac depression
*Has a relatively long duration of action
*Antihistimine effects
*Until it reaches full effect (a minimum of 15 minutes when given in the muscle), it can be overridden by any type of stimulation, especially in already anxious or stimulated patients
*Can be mixed with other water-soluble drugs in the same syringe, such as hydromorphone Instead of becoming sedated and calm from this medication, some animals become stimulated, excited, and even aggressive. Because of its relatively long duration of action and potential ability to modify behaviors, owners must be warned to use caution around the patient until the drug clears the system (which varies from patient to patient and species to species). For some animals, personality changes can last up to 48 hours, so ensure owners understand this possibility upon discharge.
Another aberrant side effect commonly seen in horses is penile prolapse, even priapism with the possibility of permanent injury. Note that the severity and duration of these ill effects are dose-dependent. Most veterinarians do not use this drug in stallions.
Note that many books still teach that these drugs lower the seizure threshold. However, neurologists use it frequently and without ill effect in patients hospitalized with cluster seizures or post-seizure monitoring to control agitation and excitement.
Dexmedetomidine, an alpha2-agonist, produces muscle relaxation, calming, pain management, and profound sedation depending on the dose. While a rare few can become excited with this medication, we do not appreciate aggression, and the drug is relatively short-acting.
Hydromorphone, an opioid, rarely may cause excitement but doesn't trigger aggressive behaviors.
Finally, valium, a benzodiazepine, also has calming effects and relaxes muscles. When used alone, however, it may not sedate excitable, young, healthy patients. Again, while it may cause excitement, it doesn't lead to aggressive behavior and is short-acting and unlikely to be in the system when the pet is sent home.
1220. Frage
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