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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Binary verification - CIS benchmark compliance - Network security policies - Node metadata protection - Secure Ingress configuration |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Signed artifacts & verification - Image security & scanning - Static analysis tools - SBOM & CI/CD security - Permitted registries |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Threat detection (Falco) - Incident investigation - Audit log configuration - Behavioral analytics - Container immutability |
| System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Network access control - Least privilege IAM - Minimize OS attack surface |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod Security Standards - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Secret management - Security contexts - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Service account security - API access restriction - RBAC configuration - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation |
>> Practical CKS Information <<
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NEW QUESTION # 44
Cluster: dev
Master node: master1
Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context dev
Task:
Retrieve the content of the existing secret named adam in the safe namespace.
Store the username field in a file names /home/cert-masters/username.txt, and the password field in a file named /home/cert-masters/password.txt.
1. You must create both files; they don't exist yet.
2. Do not use/modify the created files in the following steps, create new temporary files if needed.
Create a new secret names newsecret in the safe namespace, with the following content:
Username: dbadmin
Password: moresecurepas
Finally, create a new Pod that has access to the secret newsecret via a volume:
Namespace: safe
Pod name: mysecret-pod
Container name: db-container
Image: redis
Volume name: secret-vol
Mount path: /etc/mysecret
Answer:
Explanation:
1. Get the secret, decrypt it & save in files
k get secret adam -n safe -o yaml
2. Create new secret using --from-literal
[desk@cli] $k create secret generic newsecret -n safe --from-literal=username=dbadmin --from-literal=password=moresecurepass
3. Mount it as volume of db-container of mysecret-pod
Explanation

[desk@cli] $k create secret generic newsecret -n safe --from-literal=username=dbadmin --from-literal=password=moresecurepass secret/newsecret created
[desk@cli] $vim /home/certs_masters/secret-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: mysecret-pod
namespace: safe
labels:
run: mysecret-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: db-container
image: redis
volumeMounts:
- name: secret-vol
mountPath: /etc/mysecret
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secret-vol
secret:
secretName: newsecret
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/certs_masters/secret-pod.yaml
pod/mysecret-pod created
[desk@cli] $ k exec -it mysecret-pod -n safe - cat /etc/mysecret/username dbadmin
[desk@cli] $ k exec -it mysecret-pod -n safe - cat /etc/mysecret/password moresecurepas
NEW QUESTION # 45
Create a RuntimeClass named untrusted using the prepared runtime handler named runsc.
Create a Pods of image alpine:3.13.2 in the Namespace default to run on the gVisor runtime class.
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 46
SIMULATION
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 5 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 10 old audit logs files are retained.
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. Cronjobs changes at RequestResponse
2. Log the request body of deployments changes in the namespace kube-system.
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Don't log watch requests by the "system:kube-proxy" on endpoints or
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 47
SIMULATION
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidato@base] $ ssh cks000023
Task
Analyze and edit the Dockerfile located at /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile, fixing one instruction present in the file that is a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove instructions; only modify the one existing instruction with a security/best-practice concern.
Do not build the Dockerfile, Failure to do so may result in running out of storage and a zero score.
Analyze and edit the given manifest file /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml, fixing one fields present in the file that are a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove fields; only modify the one existing field with a security/best-practice concern.
Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user ID 65535.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
0) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000023
sudo -i
PART A - Fix ONE prominent Dockerfile security/best-practice issue
1) Open the Dockerfile
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile
2) Find the "most obvious" security/best-practice problem and modify ONLY THAT ONE instruction Use / search in vi to quickly find candidates:
Candidate 1 (very common): USER root (or no USER but a USER 0)
Search:
/USER
If you see:
USER root
Change that single instruction to:
USER 65535
(or USER nobody if that exact word is already used in the file-but the task explicitly allows UID 65535, so USER 65535 is safest.)
โ
This is one-instruction change and is a top-tier best practice.
Candidate 2 (very common): FROM <image>:latest
Search:
/FROM
If you see something like:
FROM nginx:latest
Change ONLY that line to a pinned tag (example):
FROM nginx:1.25.5
(Any non-latest pinned version is the point. Don't add a digest line; just modify the existing FROM line.) Candidate 3: ADD http://... (remote URL download) Search:
/ADD
If you see remote URL usage like:
ADD https://example.com/app.tar.gz /app/
Change that single instruction to COPY only if it's copying local files.
If it's a remote URL, the more "correct" fix would normally be using curl with verification, but that would require adding instructions (not allowed).
So in this exam constraint, do NOT pick this unless it's actually a local add like:
ADD . /app
Then change just the word:
COPY . /app
3) Save and exit
:wq
Don't run docker build (task forbids building).
PART B - Fix ONE prominent security/best-practice issue in the Deployment manifest
4) Open the manifest
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml
5) Change ONLY ONE existing field that is a clear security issue
Use / search in vi for the usual "bad fields":
Option 1 (most common): running as root
Search:
/runAsUser
If you see:
runAsUser: 0
Change that one existing field value to:
runAsUser: 65535
โ
This is a single-field change and matches the prompt hint.
Option 2: privileged container
Search:
/privileged
If you see:
privileged: true
Change only that value to:
privileged: false
Option 3: allow privilege escalation
Search:
/allowPrivilegeEscalation
If you see:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
Change only that value to:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Option 4: writable root filesystem
Search:
/readOnlyRootFilesystem
If you see:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
Change only that value to:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Option 5: image uses :latest
Search:
/image:
If you see:
image: something:latest
Change only that value to a pinned tag, e.g.:
image: something:1.2.3
6) Save and exit
:wq
What to pick (fast decision rule)
If you see run as root in either file, that's usually the highest scoring / most "prominent" security issue.
Dockerfile: USER root โ USER 65535
Deployment: runAsUser: 0 โ runAsUser: 65535
Those are perfect because you only modify one line/field and it matches the hint.
NEW QUESTION # 48
You have a Kubernetes cluster that runs a sensitive application called "banking-app" in a Deployment The application needs access to a private registry to pull container images. You want to ensure that the "banking-app" container only communicates with the private registry and no other external networks. How can you use NetworkPolicy to enforce this network security restriction?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkPolicy tor the Private Registry: You'll create a NetworkPolicy that allows the "banking-app" container to communicate with the private registry but blocks access to all other external networks.
'podSelectors: This defines which pods are affected by the policy. - 'policyTypeS: This specifies the type of traffic that the policy governs (Ingress in this case). - 'ingress': Defines the allowed incoming traffic. - 'trom': Specifies the source of allowed traffic. - spodSeIector': Allows traffic from other pods with the "banking-app" label. - 'ipBlock': Allows traffic from a specific CIDR range. - 'cidr': Replace '172.17.0.0/16' with the actual CIDR of your private registry. - 'except': Optional for excluding specific IP addresses or ranges. 2 Apply the NetworkPolicy: Apply the YAML file to your cluster: bash kubectl apply -f banking-app-registry-access.yaml 3. Verify NetworkPolicy: After applying the policy, run: bash kubectl get networkpolicy -n default # Replace 'default' with your namespace You should see your new "banking-app-registry-access" NetworkPolicy listed. 4. Test the Policy: - Try to access external networks from within the "banking-app" container. - You should observe that the container is unable to connect to any external services except the private registry. - Make sure your application can still pull images from the private registry. 5. Additional Considerations: - Egress Traffic: You might need to define a separate NetworkPolicy for 'Egress' traffic if you want to allow the "banking-app" to communicate with specific internal services. - Detailed Controls: You can add more specific rules to the 'ingress' section to allow specific ports or protocols from the private registry.
NEW QUESTION # 49
......
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