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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Historical evolution and modern applications |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - HMAC construction and application - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Digital signatures: purpose and process |
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Principles and operation |
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NEW QUESTION # 43
(What is an alternative to using a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) with certificates?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
OCSP is the primary online alternative to CRLs for checking whether a certificate has been revoked. With a CRL, a relying party periodically downloads a list of revoked certificate serial numbers published by the issuing CA (or CRL distribution point). That approach can be bandwidth-heavy, introduces latency between revocation and client awareness, and can result in clients using stale revocation data if updates are infrequent.
OCSP improves this by allowing a client (or a server on the client's behalf) to query an OCSP responder in near real time about the status of a specific certificate (good, revoked, or unknown). In practice, many TLS deployments use OCSP stapling, where the server periodically fetches a signed OCSP response from the CA's responder and "staples" it to the TLS handshake, reducing client-side network calls and improving privacy (the CA doesn't learn which site the client is visiting). Thus, OCSP provides a more timely, certificate- specific revocation status mechanism than CRLs while preserving the CA's signed assurance.
NEW QUESTION # 44
(Which of the following is an example of a software encryption solution for disk storage?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
Disk/storage encryption protects data at rest by encrypting the contents of a drive so it remains unreadable without the correct authentication and keys. BitLocker (commonly on Windows) and FileVault (commonly on macOS) are well-known software-based full-disk encryption solutions integrated into their operating systems.
They encrypt sectors on disk and typically tie key protection to user credentials and, where available, hardware features such as a TPM or secure enclave to reduce key extraction risk. A VPN encrypts network traffic in transit, not disk storage. An HSM is specialized hardware used to generate, store, and protect cryptographic keys and perform crypto operations; it is not a disk encryption product itself. USB encryption hardware refers to hardware-encrypted removable media, not a software solution for a system disk. Therefore, the correct example of a software encryption solution for disk storage is BitLocker and FileVault.
NEW QUESTION # 45
(Which cryptographic operation has the fastest decryption process?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography generally provides the fastest encryption and decryption performance among common cryptographic operations. Algorithms like AES and ChaCha20 are designed for high throughput and efficient implementation in software and hardware (e.g., AES-NI acceleration).
Symmetric decryption is computationally similar in cost to symmetric encryption, and both are far faster than asymmetric operations for equivalent security levels. Asymmetric cryptography (RSA, ECC) involves expensive mathematical operations (modular exponentiation or elliptic-curve scalar multiplication), making it much slower and unsuitable for bulk data decryption. That is why real-world secure protocols use asymmetric cryptography primarily to authenticate peers and establish keys, then switch to symmetric encryption for the actual data stream. Hashing is not decryption at all; it is one- way, and there is no "decrypt" operation for a hash. Padding is not a decryption mechanism; it is a formatting step used with block ciphers to align plaintext length. Therefore, the correct choice for the operation with the fastest decryption process is symmetric cryptography.
NEW QUESTION # 46
(What is the value of 51 mod 11?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
The value 51 mod 11 is the remainder after dividing 51 by 11. Modular arithmetic is widely used in cryptography to keep computations within a finite set of residues, such as in RSA where values are taken modulo n, or in Diffie-Hellman where exponents and group elements are reduced modulo a prime. To compute 51 mod 11, find the largest multiple of 11 less than or equal to 51. Multiples of 11 are 11, 22, 33, 44,
55. The closest without exceeding 51 is 44. Subtracting gives 51 # 44 = 7, so the remainder is 7. Therefore, 51 mod 11 = 7, matching option "07." This remainder is always in the range 0 through 10 because the modulus is
11. Such residue computations underpin the "wraparound" behavior that makes modular exponentiation and inverse computations well-defined in cryptographic groups.
NEW QUESTION # 47
(Which type of exploit involves looking for different inputs that generate the same hash?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
A birthday attack targets hash functions by exploiting the birthday paradox: collisions (two different inputs producing the same hash output) can be found much faster than brute-forcing a specific preimage. For an n-bit hash, the expected work to findanycollision is on the order of 2
P.S. Free 2026 WGU Introduction-to-Cryptography dumps are available on Google Drive shared by Itexamguide: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1vPEJ9XSjFNuTjmPpTA6qWU1l2dj8HP9g