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質問 # 56
Which of the following NTFS system files contains a record of every file present in the system?
正解：B
解説：
In the NTFS file system, theMaster File Table (MFT)is the core metadata structure that tracksevery file and directoryon the volume. NTFS implements this as a special system file named$MFT(shown here as$mft).
Each file or folder on an NTFS partition is represented by at least oneMFT record entry, which stores essential metadata such as file name(s), timestamps, security identifiers/ACL references, file size, attributes, and pointers to the file's data runs (or, for very small files, the content can be stored resident inside the record). Because it is the authoritative "index" of file objects, forensic examiners rely heavily on $MFT to reconstruct user activity and file history, including evidence of deleted files (when records are marked unused but remnants of attributes may remain) and timeline building from timestamp attributes.
The other options are different NTFS metadata files with narrower purposes:$LogFilerecords NTFS transaction logs to support recovery,$Volumestores volume-level information (like version/label), and$Quotamanages disk quota tracking. None of these contain a record for every file on the system.
Therefore, the NTFS system file that contains a record of every file present is$mft (B).
質問 # 57
Sam is working as a loan agent for a financial institution. He frequently receives a number of emails from clients providing their personal details for loan approval. As these emails contain sensitive data, Sam had set up a feature that directly downloads the emails on his device without storing a copy on the mail server. Which of the following protocols provides the above-discussed email features?
正解：D
解説：
The scenario describes an email-retrieval configuration in which messages aredownloaded to a client device andnot retained on the server. This behavior aligns withPOP3 (Post Office Protocol v3), a legacy but widely referenced mail access protocol that retrieves email from a server mailbox to a local client. In standard POP3 operation, the client authenticates to the mail server, issues retrieval commands (e.g., to list and download messages), and may then issue a delete command so that downloaded messages are removed from the server mailbox. Digital forensics references commonly contrast POP3 with IMAP:IMAP is designed for server-side mailbox synchronization and typically leaves mail stored on the server, whereas POP3 is oriented towardclient-side storageand supports workflows where server copies are not preserved after download. The other options are unrelated to email retrieval:SHA-1is a cryptographic hash function used for integrity checks,ICMPsupports network diagnostics and control messaging, andSNMPis used for network device management and monitoring. From an investigative standpoint, POP3 usage can reduce server-resident evidence and shift evidentiary value tolocal artifacts(mail client databases, cache, OS traces, backups), which is consistent with the intent described in the question.
質問 # 58
Wesley, a professional hacker, deleted a confidential file in a compromised system using the "/bin/rm/" command to deny access to forensic specialists.
Identify the operating system on which Don has performed the file carving act.
正解：B
解説：
The command path /bin/rm is a hallmark of UNIX/POSIX-style operating systems, where core userland utilities are commonly stored under directories such as /bin, /sbin, and /usr/bin. The utility rm (remove) is the standard UNIX command used to delete directory entries that reference a file's data blocks on disk. This layout and command structure do not match Windows, whichuses different filesystem conventions (drive letters, backslashes, and Windows-native executables) and does not provide /bin/rm as a native path. Android, while Linux-kernel-based, typically exposes shell utilities through environments like /system/bin (and newer systems may use toybox/busybox variants), not the classic /bin hierarchy expected on general-purpose UNIX systems. Between the remaining options, both Linux and macOS are UNIX-like and can include an rm command; however, in digital forensics training and examination contexts, the explicit reference to /bin/rm is most commonly used to indicate a Linux/UNIX command-line environment on a compromised host.
Therefore, the best single-choice answer from the provided options is Linux (D).
質問 # 59
Steve, a professional hacker, attempted to hack Alice's banking account. To accomplish his goal, Steve used an automated tool to guess Alice's login credentials. The tool uses a trial-and-error method by attempting all possible combinations of usernames and passwords to determine the valid credentials.
Identify the type of attack initiated by Steve in the above scenario.
正解：D
解説：
The scenario describes an automated, trial-and-error attempt that triesall possible combinations of usernames and passwordsuntil a correct credential pair is found. This is the defining characteristic of abrute-force attack.
In digital forensics terminology, brute force is a direct password-guessing method that relies on exhaustive attempts (or systematically generated candidates) rather than tricking the user or exploiting a software flaw.
Investigators commonly recognize brute-force activity through artifacts such as repeated authentication failures in security logs, high-frequency login attempts from a single IP or distributed sources, account lockout events, and abnormal spikes in authentication traffic. In banking and web environments, it may also appear as repeated POST requests to login endpoints with varying credential pairs and consistent user-agent patterns, sometimes accompanied by throttling or CAPTCHA triggers.
The other options do not match the described "attempting all possible combinations" behavior.
Phishingobtains credentials by deception (fake emails/sites). ATrojan horsesteals data by running malicious code on the victim's system.Data manipulationfocuses on altering data integrity rather than credential guessing. Therefore, the correct attack type isBrute-force attack (A).
質問 # 60
A disk drive has 16,384 cylinders, 80 heads, and 63 sectors per track, and each sector can store 512 bytes of data.
What is the total size of the disk?
正解：B
解説：
In classic hard-disk geometry, total capacity is computed fromCHS parameters(Cylinders × Heads × Sectors per track) multiplied bybytes per sector. Forensic examiners learn this because it helps validate whether an image acquisition size is consistent with the physical disk geometry and to spot anomalies caused by misreported device geometry or capture errors.
First compute total addressable sectors:
16,384 cylinders × 80 heads = 1,310,720 tracks(because each head provides a track per cylinder).
Then multiply by sectors per track:
1,310,720 × 63 = 82,575,360 sectors.
Convert sectors to bytes using the sector size:
82,575,360 sectors × 512 bytes/sector = 42,278,584,320 bytes.
This matches optionAexactly. In practice, modern drives often use LBA and may report different logical geometries, but the forensic principle remains the same: capacity equals the number of logical blocks times the logical block size, and CHS-style values are a structured way to perform that verification.
質問 # 61
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