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NEW QUESTION # 16
What is risk mitigation?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Risk mitigation is the risk treatment approach focused on reducing risk to an acceptable level by lowering either the likelihood of a risk event, the impact of that event, or both. In cybersecurity risk management, mitigation is accomplished by implementing controls and countermeasures such as technical safeguards, process changes, and administrative measures. Examples include patching vulnerable systems, hardening configurations, enabling multi-factor authentication, applying least privilege, network segmentation, encryption, improved logging and monitoring, secure development practices, and user awareness training. Each of these actions reduces exposure or limits damage if an incident occurs.
The other options describe different risk treatment strategies, not mitigation. Purchasing insurance is generally considered risk transfer, where financial impact is shifted to a third party, but the underlying threat and vulnerability may still exist. Eliminating risk by stopping the risky activity is risk avoidance; it removes the exposure by discontinuing the process, system, or behavior causing the risk. Documenting the risk and preparing a recovery plan aligns more closely with risk acceptance combined with contingency planning or resilience planning; it acknowledges the risk and focuses on recovery rather than reducing the probability of occurrence.
Therefore, the correct definition of risk mitigation is reducing the risk through implementing one or more countermeasures.
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which of the following would qualify as a multi-factor authentication pair?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Multi-factor authentication requires a user to prove identity using two or more different factor types. Cybersecurity standards describe the main factor categories as something you know (for example, a password or PIN), something you have (for example, a hardware token, smart card, or authenticator app producing a one-time code), and something you are (biometrics such as fingerprint, face, or iris). A valid MFA pair must come from different categories, not just two items from the same category or a mix of authentication with non-authentication concepts.
Option B is correct because it explicitly combines two distinct factor types: a knowledge factor and an inherence factor. This pairing is widely recognized as MFA because compromising one factor does not automatically compromise the other: an attacker who steals a password still needs the biometric, and spoofing a biometric does not provide the secret knowledge factor.
Option A is incorrect because "encryption" is not an authentication factor; it is a protection mechanism for confidentiality and integrity of data. Option D has the same problem: encryption is not a user factor. Option C can represent MFA in many real implementations if "token" is truly a possession factor; however, training materials and exam items often prefer the clearest, unambiguous factor-language pairing, which is why "Something You Know and Something You Are" is the best single answer here.
NEW QUESTION # 18
Separation of duties, as a security principle, is intended to:
Answer: D
Explanation:
Separation of duties is a foundational access-control and governance principle designed to reduce the likelihood of misuse, fraud, and significant mistakes by ensuring that no single individual can complete a critical process end-to-end without independent oversight. Cybersecurity and audit frameworks describe this as splitting high-risk activities into distinct roles so that one person's actions are checked or complemented by another person's authority. This limits both intentional abuse, such as unauthorized payments or data manipulation, and unintentional errors, such as misconfigurations or accidental deletion of important records.
In practice, separation of duties is implemented by defining roles and permissions so that incompatible functions are not assigned to the same account. Common examples include separating the ability to create a vendor from the ability to approve payments, separating software development from production deployment, and separating system administration from security monitoring or audit log management. This is reinforced through role-based access control, approval workflows, privileged access management, and periodic access reviews that detect conflicting entitlements and privilege creep.
The value of separation of duties is risk reduction through accountability and control. When actions require multiple parties or independent review, it becomes harder for a single compromised account or malicious insider to cause large harm without detection. It also improves reliability by introducing checkpoints that catch mistakes earlier. Therefore, the correct purpose is to prevent fraud and error.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Organizations who don't quantify this will likely miss opportunities toward achieving strategic goals and objectives:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Risk appetite is the amount and type of risk an organization is willing to pursue or retain in order to achieve its objectives. Cybersecurity and enterprise risk management guidance treats risk appetite as a strategic input because it shapes decision-making across portfolios, programs, and day-to-day operations. When risk appetite is quantified through measurable statements and thresholds, leaders can compare proposed initiatives against agreed limits and make consistent trade-offs between speed, cost, innovation, and protection.
If an organization does not quantify risk appetite, it often defaults to inconsistent behavior: some teams become overly cautious and reject beneficial initiatives, while others take uncontrolled risk because there is no clear boundary. Both outcomes can cause missed opportunities. Over-caution can delay digital transformation, cloud adoption, automation, and new customer capabilities. Under-defined boundaries can also lead to surprise losses, regulatory issues, and unplanned remediation that consumes budget and time-reducing the organization's ability to execute strategy.
Quantified risk appetite enables practical governance: it guides which risks can be accepted, which require mitigation, and which must be escalated for executive decision. It also supports prioritization of security investments by focusing resources on risks that exceed tolerance and allowing faster approval for activities that fall within appetite. In short, risk appetite is the strategic "north star" that aligns cybersecurity risk-taking with business goals, making option D the correct choice.
NEW QUESTION # 20
What is an external audit?
Answer: A
Explanation:
An external audit is an independent evaluation performed by a party outside the organization to determine whether security-related activities, controls, and evidence meet defined requirements. Those requirements are typically drawn from laws and regulations, contractual obligations, and recognized standards or control frameworks. The defining characteristics are independence and attestation: the auditor is not part of the operational team being assessed and provides an objective conclusion about compliance or control effectiveness.
Unlike a vulnerability-focused review (often called a security assessment or technical audit) that primarily seeks weaknesses to remediate, an external audit emphasizes whether controls are designed appropriately, implemented consistently, and operating effectively over time. External auditors usually test governance processes, risk management practices, policies, access control procedures, change management, logging and monitoring, incident response readiness, and evidence of periodic reviews. They also validate documentation and sampling records to confirm that what is written is actually performed.
Option B describes an internal assurance activity, such as self-assessment or internal audit preparation, where the security team checks its own implementation. Option C is closer to a financial or procurement review and is not the typical definition of an external security audit. Therefore, the best answer is the one that clearly captures an independent party reviewing security activities to ensure compliance with established criteria
NEW QUESTION # 21
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