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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Services & Networking | 20% | - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic - Understand connectivity between Pods - Understand and use CoreDNS - Define and enforce Network Policies - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources |
| Topic 2: Troubleshooting | 30% | - Manage container stdout & stderr logs - Understand how to monitor applications - Troubleshoot cluster component failure - Troubleshoot application failure - Troubleshoot networking - Evaluate cluster and node logging |
| Topic 3: Storage | 10% | - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand persistent volume claims primitive - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage |
| Topic 4: Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback - Use label selectors to schedule Pods - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand how scheduler works - Understand DaemonSets - Understand resource limits and requests - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies - Understand Static Pods |
| Topic 5: Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components |
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質問 # 35
Create a pod as follows:
Name: non-persistent-redis
container Image: redis
Volume with name: cache-control
Mount path: /data/redis
The pod should launch in the staging namespace and the volume must not be persistent.
正解：
解説：
solution
質問 # 36
You must connect to the correct host.
Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh Cka000054
Context:
Your cluster 's CNI has failed a security audit. It has been removed. You must install a new CNI that can enforce network policies.
Task
Install and set up a Container Network Interface (CNI ) that meets these requirements:
Pick and install one of these CNI options:
Flannel version 0.26.1
Manifest:
https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/releases/download/v0.26.1/kube-flannel.yml
Calico version 3.28.2
Manifest:
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/project calico/calico/v3.28.2/manifests/tigera-operator.yaml
正解：
解説：
Task Summary
* SSH into cka000054
* Install a CNI plugin that supports NetworkPolicies
* Two CNI options provided:
* Flannel v0.26.1 (# does NOT support NetworkPolicies)
* Calico v3.28.2 # (does support NetworkPolicies)
# Decision Point: Which CNI to choose?
# Choose Calico, because only Calico supports enforcing NetworkPolicies natively. Flannel does not.
# Step-by-Step Solution
1## SSH into the correct node
ssh cka000054
## Required. Skipping this results in zero score.
2## Install Calico CNI (v3.28.2)
Use the official manifest provided:
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectcalico/calico/v3.28.2/manifests/tigera-operator.yaml This installs the Calico Operator, which then deploys the full Calico CNI stack.
3## Wait for Calico components to come up
Check the pods in tigera-operator and calico-system namespaces:
kubectl get pods -n tigera-operator
kubectl get pods -n calico-system
# You should see pods like:
* calico-kube-controllers
* calico-node
* calico-typha
* tigera-operator
Wait for all to be in Running state.
# (Optional) 4## Confirm CNI is enforcing NetworkPolicies
You can check:
kubectl get crds | grep networkpolicy
You should see:
* networkpolicies.crd.projectcalico.org
* This confirms Calico's CRDs are installed for policy enforcement.
Final Command Summary
ssh cka000054
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectcalico/calico/v3.28.2/manifests/tigera-operator.yaml kubectl get pods -n tigera-operator kubectl get pods -n calico-system kubectl get crds | grep networkpolicy
質問 # 37
Create and configure the service front-end-service so it's accessible through NodePort and routes to the existing pod named front-end.
正解：
解説：
solution
質問 # 38
You have a Deployment running a complex application that requires significant resource allocation. How can you optimize the Deployment to use resources efficiently and avoid resource contention with other deployments?
正解：
解説：
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Resource Requests and Limits:
- Set 'requests' and 'limits' for CPU and memory for the containers in the Deployment.
- This helps in specifying the minimum resources required by the pods and the maximum resources that they can consume.
2. Optimize Container Images: - Use smaller and more efficient container images to reduce the resource footprint of the pods. 3. Use Resource Quotas: - Apply resource quotas at the namespace level to control the resource consumption of the pods within a namespace. 4. Consider Pod Disruption Budgets (PDB): - Implement PDBs to control the maximum number of pods that can be unavailable during a rolling update or pod deletion. - This ensures that the application remains available during resource-intensive events. 5. Utilize Node Affinity and Tolerations: - Configure node affinity and tolerations to schedule pods on specific nodes that have the required resources. 6. Monitor Resource Utilization: - Regularly monitor the resource utilization of the cluster and the pods. - Use tools like 'kubectl top pods', 'kubectl top nodes', and 'kubectl describe nodes' to gather resource - Adjust resource requests and limits accordingly based on the monitoring data. 7. Consider Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA): - Utilize VPA to automatically adjust the resource requests and limits of pods based on their actual resource consumption. 8. Optimize Application Code: - Identify and optimize resource-intensive parts of the application code to reduce resource consumption. - Use profiling tools to identify areas for improvement. 9. Implement Resource Optimization Techniques: - Utilize techniques such as caching, lazy loading, and efficient data structures to reduce resource usage within the application. 10. Explore Resource Sharing Techniques: - If possible, explore resource sharing techniques such as using shared volumes or databases to reduce overall resource consumption.,
質問 # 39
Get IP address of the pod - "nginx-dev"
正解：B
質問 # 40
......
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