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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Principles and operation |
| Topic 2: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Topic 3: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - HMAC construction and application - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Topic 4: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 5: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Digital signatures: purpose and process - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman |
| Topic 6: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
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NEW QUESTION # 19
(What is a characteristic of Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode in cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
CBC mode introduces chaining between blocks to prevent the pattern leakage inherent in ECB. In CBC, each plaintext block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block before being encrypted with the block cipher. For the first block, CBC uses an Initialization Vector (IV) to serve as the "previous ciphertext" input. This makes encryption of each block dependent on the previous block's ciphertext, which is exactly the defining characteristic described in option A. CBC does not generate a continuous stream of key material-that describes stream ciphers or stream-like modes such as CTR/OFB. CBC also does not require a different key per operation; the same symmetric key is reused, while the IV must be fresh/unpredictable to ensure semantic security. The block size is determined by the underlying block cipher (e.g., AES is 128-bit blocks, DES/3DES are 64-bit blocks), not a fixed 32-bit size for CBC itself. Because CBC is not inherently authenticated, best practice is to pair it with a MAC (Encrypt-then-MAC) or use an AEAD mode instead.
NEW QUESTION # 20
(What is the length (in bits) of a SHA-1 hash output?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) produces a fixed-size output of 160 bits (20 bytes). Hash output size matters in cryptography because it influences collision resistance and the effort required for various attacks. For an ideal n-bit hash, finding a collision by generic means is expected around 2