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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Modify host components to improve security - Enable audit logging - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper |
| Topic 2: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace |
| Topic 3: Cluster Setup | 10% | - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd |
| Topic 4: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior |
| Topic 5: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Sign container images and verify signatures - Understand the container build process - Use distroless images for static workload - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Minimize base image footprint - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities |
| Topic 6: Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Understand and monitor network traffic - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Detect threats at the container level - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity |
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NEW QUESTION # 33
You are responsible for deploying a Kubernetes cluster on-premises using kubeadm. Ensure the integrity of the kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl binaries before deploying the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Download the binaries: Download the kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl binaries for your desired version from the official Kubernetes release page
(httpswgitnub.com/kubernetes/kllbernetes,treleases](httpswwww.google.com/url?
sa=E&source=gmail&q=httpswgithub.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases)).
2. Verify the checksums: Compare the SHA-256 checksums of the downloaded binaries with the checksums provided on the release page.
bash
sna256sum kubeadm kubelet kubectl
3. Verify the signatures (optional): If you require stronger assurance, download the corresponding signature files (.asc) and verify the signatures using
the official Kubernetes public key.
bash
gpg --verify kubeadm.sha256.asc kubeadm
4. Install the binaries: Once you have verified the integrity of the binaries, install them in the appropriate locations on your nodes.
bash
sudo install -o root -g root -m 0755 kubeadm kubelet kubectl /usr/bin/
5. Proceed with cluster deployment: After verifying and installing the binaries, you can proceed with deploying your Kubernetes cluster using kubeadm.
NEW QUESTION # 34
You have a microservice application running in a Kubernetes cluster with a sidecar container responsible for logging. The sidecar container has access to the main application containers sensitive data, including credentials. You need to implement a security policy to prevent the sidecar container from accessing the main application container's data.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Securitycontext for the main application container:
2. Apply the updated Deployment: bash kubectl apply -f my-app-deployment.yaml - The readOnlyRootFilesystem: true' setting in the main application container's security context prevents the sidecar container from writing to the main container's filesystem. - This ensures that the sidecar container cannot modify or access the main application's sensitive data. Important Notes: - This policy restricts the sidecar container from accessing the main containers data through the filesystem. - If the sidecar needs access to specific data, you can mount a shared volume that is read-only for the sidecar container and read-write for the main container. - It's crucial to review the security context of both main and sidecar containers to ensure that all necessary access restrictions are implemented.
NEW QUESTION # 35
You are running a web application in a Kubemetes cluster- You want to restrict access to the web application's API endpoints to specific IP addresses. Explain how to implement this using Ingress and NetworkPolicy.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create an Ingress Resource:
- Create an 'Ingress' resource that defines the rules for routing traffic to the web application.
- This example allows access to the API endpoints '/api/v1' and /api/v2S from the IP addresses '10.0.0.10' and '192.168.1.1'
- It also allows access to the 'r endpoint from any IP address.
2. Create a NetworkPolicy: - Create a 'NetworkPolicy' resource that enforces the IP address restrictions. - This example allows traffic from the IP addresses '10.0.0.10' and '192.168.1. I' to the web application's service. - You can create a more specific policy for each API endpoint if needed.
3. Apply the Resources: - Apply the 'Ingress' and 'NetworkPolicy' resources using 'kubectl apply' - For example: 'kubectl apply -f web-app-ingress.yaml and 'kubectl apply -f web-app-network-policy.yaml 4. Verify the Configuration: - Access the web application's API endpoints from the allowed IP addresses. - Verity that the requests are successful. - Attempt to access the API endpoints from other IP addresses. - Verify that these attempts are blocked.
NEW QUESTION # 36
SIMULATION
Create a network policy named allow-np, that allows pod in the namespace staging to connect to port 80 of other pods in the same namespace.
Ensure that Network Policy:-
1. Does not allow access to pod not listening on port 80.
2. Does not allow access from Pods, not in namespace staging.
Answer:
Explanation:
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: network-policy
spec:
podSelector: {} #selects all the pods in the namespace deployed
policyTypes:
- Ingress
ingress:
- ports: #in input traffic allowed only through 80 port only
- protocol: TCP
port: 80
NEW QUESTION # 37
Service is running on port 389 inside the system, find the process-id of the process, and stores the names of all the open-files inside the /candidate/KH77539/files.txt, and also delete the binary.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 38
......
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