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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
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NEW QUESTION # 55
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 56
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 57
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 58
This an Ingress configuration. What is the equivalent Gateway API configuration?
Question 19 source Ingress
A)
Question 19 option A
B)
Question 19 option B
C)
Question 19 option C
D)
Question 19 option D
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option B correctly represents the Ingress as a Gateway and an attached HTTPRoute . The Gateway is named cilium , uses gatewayClassName: cilium , and exposes an HTTP listener on port 80. The HTTPRoute uses parentRefs with the same Gateway name, cilium , so the route attaches to the declared listener. Its two rules preserve the original routing behavior: /details with PathPrefix targets the details Service on port 9080, while / with PathPrefix targets productpage on port 9080.
Option A declares a Gateway named cilium but attaches its route to nginx-gateway . Because the parent reference does not identify the displayed Gateway, it is not equivalent. Options C and D use kind: Route ; the correct resource kind for HTTP path routing is HTTPRoute . They also contain malformed or altered backend and matching fields. Option D changes the details backend name, while option C contains incorrect route structure and path content.
Cilium's official migration example uses the same conversion pattern: the Ingress class becomes the Gateway' s class, paths move into HTTPRoute.rules , and the route identifies its Gateway through parentRefs .
The supplied key incorrectly identifies A. The verified answer is B.
Official references
HTTP Migration Example .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Which statement about Cilium's identity-based security model is correct?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives a workload's security identity from its security-relevant labels. Network policies then refer to workload characteristics such as application, role, environment, namespace, or service account rather than depending exclusively on transient pod IP addresses. The identity is associated with traffic in the Cilium datapath and validated when policy is enforced. This makes B the accurate description.
The identity is not limited to a single pod. Endpoints that have the same set of identity-relevant labels can share the same numeric security identity, including endpoints located on different cluster nodes. This reduces policy-map growth and allows policy to scale with logical application groups rather than with the number of pod addresses. Namespace information is normally among the labels used to derive identity, but that does not make an identity inherently "tied to a single namespace" as option A states.
Options C and D invert Cilium's design. IP addresses remain necessary for packet delivery, but they are not the primary security identifier for Cilium-managed workloads. Pods can be recreated and assigned new addresses while retaining the same relevant labels and therefore the same security intent. Decoupling identity from addressing is precisely what improves scalability and operational stability.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identity ; Introduction to Cilium and Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 60
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