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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Discrete Mathematics & Logic | 25% | - Propositional and predicate logic - Proof techniques and mathematical induction - Boolean algebra and digital logic - Set theory, relations, functions |
| Data Structures | 20% | - Data storage and retrieval principles - Primitive and composite data types - Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues - Trees, graphs, hash tables |
| Algorithms & Complexity | 25% | - Recursion and iterative structures - Sorting and searching algorithms - Algorithm design and analysis - Big O notation, time and space complexity |
| Computer Architecture & Organization | 15% | - Instruction sets and execution cycles - CPU, memory, I/O systems - Memory hierarchy and performance - Von Neumann architecture |
| Software Engineering & Programming Basics | 15% | - Programming paradigms - Basic syntax and control structures - Testing and debugging fundamentals - Software development lifecycle |
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NEW QUESTION # 16
What are Python functions that belong to specific Python objects?
Answer: B
Explanation:
In object-oriented programming, amethodis a function that is associated with an object (or its class) and is called using the dot operator. In Python, everything is an object, and many operations are provided through methods. For example, "hello".upper() calls the upper method of a str object, and [1, 2, 3].append(4) calls the append method of a list object. Textbooks emphasize that methods operate on an object's internal state and typically receive the object itself as an implicit first argument (commonly named self in class definitions).
This is what distinguishes methods from standalone functions.
Modules, scripts, and libraries are different organizational concepts. Amoduleis a file containing Python code, including function and class definitions. Ascriptis a Python program intended to be run directly. A libraryis a collection of modules that provides reusable functionality. None of these terms specifically mean
"functions that belong to objects."
Understanding methods matters because it connects to encapsulation and abstraction: objects provide behaviors (methods) that manipulate their data in well-defined ways. This design enables clearer APIs and supports polymorphism, where different object types can expose methods with the same name but different implementations. In Python, method calls are central to working with built-in types (strings, lists, dictionaries) and with user-defined classes, making "methods" the correct term for functions that belong to specific objects.
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which type of sorting algorithm starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Selection sort is the algorithm that repeatedly scans the unsorted portion of a list to find the lowest (or highest) value and then places it into its correct position in the sorted portion. It begins at the first index (position 0) and treats that as the boundary between sorted and unsorted regions. On the first pass, it moves a scanning pointer through the entire list to determine the minimum element and swaps it into position 0. On the second pass, it starts from position 1, scans to the end to find the next minimum, and swaps it into position 1.
This continues until the list is sorted.
This matches the question's description: "starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value." Textbooks often describe selection sort with two indices: one for the current boundary position and one for scanning the remainder of the list to find the minimum. The algorithm is simple and uses O(1) extra space, but it is inefficient for large lists because it performs O(n²) comparisons regardless of input order.
The other options are not standard algorithm names in typical computer science curricula. While many sorting algorithms exist (insertion sort, merge sort, quicksort, heap sort), "incremental," "progressive," and "pointer sort" are not canonical textbook algorithms in this context. Therefore, the correct answer is selection sort.
NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the time complexity of a binary search algorithm?
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