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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Shock management and CPR - Triage and stabilization |
| Surgical Nursing | - Preoperative and postoperative care - Sterile technique and instrumentation |
| Laboratory Procedures | - Hematology and clinical pathology - Urinalysis and microbiology |
| Anesthesia | - Anesthetic monitoring - Anesthetic protocols and equipment |
| Dentistry | - Oral anatomy and disease recognition - Dental prophylaxis procedures |
| Animal Care and Nursing | - Nutrition and husbandry - Patient handling and restraint |
| Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Diagnostic Imaging | - Radiography positioning and safety - Image processing and interpretation basics |
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NEW QUESTION # 785
An owner is trying to breed her Samoyed to the best in show stud. She had a heat cycle 8 months ago, and she is concerned that she hasn't had another heat since. She wants vaginal cytology performed to determine what stage of estrous the dog may be in at this time and if she will be receptive to the male.
What findings would you suspect from cytology showing she is in estrous now, and when would the dog ovulate when in estrus?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In canines, cytology can be very helpful in identifying stages of estrous. This can help breeders determine when to breed but also to consider when there may be reproductive concerns. Proestrus, when a bitch will not stand for breeding, shows varying degrees of neutrophils and superficial epithelial cells depending on the early or late timeframe. Anestrus, or periods without cycling, shows parabasal and intermediate cells with no superficial cells.
Monoestrous animals have one estrous cycle per year, which occurs at a relatively predictable time each year. Monoestrous animals include foxes and mink.
Other animals are diestrous, having two cycles per year (dogs), or polyestrous (cattle and swine). Polyestrous animals cycle on and off throughout the year until they become pregnant. Cats are induced ovulators, while other species have varying times of ovulation after the onset of estrus. It can vary from as few as 12-18 hours after the end of estrus in caprine species to 2-4 days after the onset of estrus in the domestic dog. Horses' estrus lasts 4-7 days with ovulation occurring 1-2 days before the end of estrus.
NEW QUESTION # 786
Failure to prep a patient appropriately for surgery, including proper patient positioning, proper OR set up, proper warming, and other ancillary equipment preparation and other factors, can directly lead to all of the following, except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technicians need to ensure a lot before the pet actually gets into surgery. This includes:
*Ensure all equipment is ready, cleaned, sterilized, and properly placed
*Ensure all equipment is easily accessible
*Confirm with the surgeon all that is needed and any last-minute changes or additions
*Ensure that the OR is clean
*Check all equipment, including anesthesia machines, as per protocols
*Ensure proper heating unit is pre-placed, turned on, and warming according to hospital protocols
*Set up the surgical prep area outside the OR and ensure all equipment, surgical scrub, clippers, and other needs are already pre-assembled before getting the patient out
*Set up the post-op recovery area
Failing to properly do all of the above can hinder the surgical technique. Improper clipping, failure to have all equipment readily at hand, having to go in and out of the OR for materials omitted, and other issues can lead to an increased risk of infection and prolong the time of anesthesia. Combined, these factors could lead to a delay or failure of the patient to recover in extreme situations. Still, the recovery itself may remain unaffected despite the errors or issues described above.
NEW QUESTION # 787
You are asked to place an arterial line in a hit-by-car patient with pulmonary contusions, multiple abrasions, and presumptive blood loss anemi a. All of the following are true about arterial catheterization, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Arterial catheterization is considered the gold standard of blood pressure monitoring. It provides a continuous means of monitoring blood pressure. It is a direct form of monitoring vs. the indirect methods of Doppler or the various machines that monitor BP, HR, RR, and SPO2 +/- other parameters.
Arterial catheterization provides access for regular sampling (without having to do an arterial stick each time a sample is needed) to monitor acid-base balance and, in patients with respiratory compromise/disease, a means to accurately monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide parameters and blood pH.
Because we can evaluate a blood gas through an arterial catheter sample, arterial blood sampling provides the best means to assess pulmonary function.
We usually use the dorsal metatarsal artery to place an arterial catheter in a small animal. Placing the patient in lateral recumbency, we use arterial catheters (20- or 22-g most commonly).
1. Extend the patient's hock.
2. Sometimes, taping or sandbagging the leg helps to keep it in place.
3. Clip and aseptically prep the insertion site.
4. Using one or two fingers (not your thumb, which has a pulse), palpate the artery.
5. Make an initial relief hole using the needle's beveled edge through the dermis, but do not yet enter the artery.
6. Place the catheter subcutaneously atop the artery bevel up.
7. Now, palpate both the tip of the needle and the artery together with the opposite hand.
8. Steeply insert the catheter first to penetrate the artery's upper wall.
9. Next, flatten out the catheter parallel to the artery's longitudinal axis. This puts the needle's bevel and the catheter's end within the lumen.
10. Once the blood flashes into the hub, advance the catheter.
11. Replace the needle with an appropriate connector and stopcock.
12. The catheter should be heparinized (ideally before placement) or before taping it in place.
13. Catheter care is performed every 48 hours.
14. Check toes for warmth every two to four hours, and if cool, remove/replace the catheter.
NEW QUESTION # 788
What is the term used to describe a patient's condition involving painful and paradoxical breathing?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Flail chest is when a section of the ribs becomes unattached to the chest wall, and involves painful and paradoxical breathing. Paradoxical breathing is a result of the flail segment moving in the opposite direction of the rest of the chest wall due to pressure variances inside the chest. Taking a normal breath becomes very painful for patients experiencing paradoxical breathing.
Hyperventilation is associated with rapid or deep breathing.
Hypoventilation is associated with slow or shallow breathing.
Dysphoria is abnormal mentation, typically associated with anesthetic recovery.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 842.
NEW QUESTION # 789
Hypersegmented neutrophils seen on a blood smear may indicate a variety of factors. Which of the following would not be a likely cause?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Pelger-Huet anomalies occur as a congenital defect in some dogs. However, while it manifests as a hyposegmentation of the granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), it causes no overt clinical signs. This leads to nuclei that are less segmented than normal (fewer lobes than normally recognized). Sometimes the nuclei appear like "peanuts in a shell" or "eye glasses." The cytoplasm is fully mature and the chromatin is usually condensed. This is valuable to note because it could lead to a false "left shift" with a machine identifying these cells as bands when they are mature aberrant but physiologically normal cells.
Hypersegmented nuclei within a white blood cell, such as a neutrophil, may occur when:
*The blood sample is too old (Always read a blood sample as soon as feasible but within less than 24 hours to ensure this doesn't create hypersegmentation artifactually)
*Marked inflammation or recovery from an inflammatory condition
*Exogenous or endogenous excess steroids
NEW QUESTION # 790
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