ちなみに、MogiExam CKSの一部をクラウドストレージからダウンロードできます：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1AV9DC7gRJv3LlmEjtH9-cPMT1q9TIV5U
Linux FoundationのCKS認定試験はMogiExamの最優秀な専門家チームが自分の知識と業界の経験を利用してどんどん研究した、満足Linux Foundation認証受験生の需要に満たすの書籍がほかのサイトにも見えますが、MogiExamの商品が最も保障があって、君の最良の選択になります。
| Certification Vendor: | Linux Foundation / CNCF |
|---|---|
| Exam Name: | Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist |
| Exam Number: | CKS |
| Certificate Validity Period: | 2 years |
| Related Certifications: | Certified Kubernetes Application Developer (CKAD) Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) |
| Exam Format: | Command-line operations, Performance-based, Hands-on tasks, Online proctored |
| Real Exam Qty: | 15-20 tasks |
| Exam Price: | $445 USD |
| Exam Duration: | 120 minutes |
| Available Languages: | English, Japanese, Simplified Chinese |
| Passing Score: | 67% |
| Recommended Training: | LFS260: Kubernetes Security Essentials |
| Exam Registration: | Linux Foundation Training Portal |
| Sample Questions: | Linux Foundation CKS Sample Questions |
| Exam Way: | Online, remotely proctored, live monitoring via webcam and screen sharing |
| Pre Condition: | Must hold valid, non-expired Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA) certification |
| Official Syllabus URL: | https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/certified-kubernetes-security-specialist/ |
私たちの会社は、コンテンツだけでなくディスプレイ上でも、CKS試験材料の設計に最新の技術を採用しています。激しく変化する世界に対応し、私たちのCKS試験資料のガイドで、あなたの長所を発揮することができます。 また、あなたも私たちのCKS試験資料を使って、個人的に重要な知識を集約し、自分の需要によって、CKS試験のために様々な勉強方法を選ぶことができます。
CKS認定の対象となるには、候補者は、現在の認定されたKubernetes管理者（CKA）認定またはKubernetes Fundamentals（LFS258）コースの合格スコアを持つ必要があります。 CKS認定試験は、15〜20のパフォーマンスベースのタスクで構成される、提案されたオンライン試験です。候補者には試験を完了するのに2時間があり、合格するには少なくとも66％を獲得する必要があります。この試験は複数の言語で利用でき、世界のどこからでも撮影できます。
質問 # 53
Cluster: dev
Master node: master1
Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context dev
Task:
Retrieve the content of the existing secret named adam in the safe namespace.
Store the username field in a file names /home/cert-masters/username.txt, and the password field in a file named /home/cert-masters/password.txt.
1. You must create both files; they don't exist yet.
2. Do not use/modify the created files in the following steps, create new temporary files if needed.
Create a new secret names newsecret in the safe namespace, with the following content:
Username: dbadmin
Password: moresecurepas
Finally, create a new Pod that has access to the secret newsecret via a volume:
Namespace: safe
Pod name: mysecret-pod
Container name: db-container
Image: redis
Volume name: secret-vol
Mount path: /etc/mysecret
正解：
解説：
1. Get the secret, decrypt it & save in files
k get secret adam -n safe -o yaml
2. Create new secret using --from-literal
[desk@cli] $k create secret generic newsecret -n safe --from-literal=username=dbadmin --from-literal=password=moresecurepass
3. Mount it as volume of db-container of mysecret-pod
Explanation
[desk@cli] $k create secret generic newsecret -n safe --from-literal=username=dbadmin --from-literal=password=moresecurepass secret/newsecret created
[desk@cli] $vim /home/certs_masters/secret-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: mysecret-pod
namespace: safe
labels:
run: mysecret-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: db-container
image: redis
volumeMounts:
- name: secret-vol
mountPath: /etc/mysecret
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secret-vol
secret:
secretName: newsecret
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/certs_masters/secret-pod.yaml
pod/mysecret-pod created
[desk@cli] $ k exec -it mysecret-pod -n safe - cat /etc/mysecret/username dbadmin
[desk@cli] $ k exec -it mysecret-pod -n safe - cat /etc/mysecret/password moresecurepas
質問 # 54
SIMULATION
Create a PSP that will only allow the persistentvolumeclaim as the volume type in the namespace restricted.
Create a new PodSecurityPolicy named prevent-volume-policy which prevents the pods which is having different volumes mount apart from persistentvolumeclaim.
Create a new ServiceAccount named psp-sa in the namespace restricted.
Create a new ClusterRole named psp-role, which uses the newly created Pod Security Policy prevent-volume-policy Create a new ClusterRoleBinding named psp-role-binding, which binds the created ClusterRole psp-role to the created SA psp-sa.
Hint:
Also, Check the Configuration is working or not by trying to Mount a Secret in the pod maifest, it should get failed.
POD Manifest:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name:
spec:
containers:
- name:
image:
volumeMounts:
- name:
mountPath:
volumes:
- name:
secret:
secretName:
正解：
解説：
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: restricted
annotations:
seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: 'docker/default,runtime/default' apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: 'runtime/default' seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: 'runtime/default' apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: 'runtime/default' spec:
privileged: false
# Required to prevent escalations to root.
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
# This is redundant with non-root + disallow privilege escalation,
# but we can provide it for defense in depth.
requiredDropCapabilities:
- ALL
# Allow core volume types.
volumes:
- 'configMap'
- 'emptyDir'
- 'projected'
- 'secret'
- 'downwardAPI'
# Assume that persistentVolumes set up by the cluster admin are safe to use.
- 'persistentVolumeClaim'
hostNetwork: false
hostIPC: false
hostPID: false
runAsUser:
# Require the container to run without root privileges.
rule: 'MustRunAsNonRoot'
seLinux:
# This policy assumes the nodes are using AppArmor rather than SELinux.
rule: 'RunAsAny'
supplementalGroups:
rule: 'MustRunAs'
ranges:
# Forbid adding the root group.
- min: 1
max: 65535
fsGroup:
rule: 'MustRunAs'
ranges:
# Forbid adding the root group.
- min: 1
max: 65535
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
質問 # 55
You are managing a Kubernetes cluster with several deployments running different microservices. You need to ensure that all pods are running with appropriate security context constraints (SCCs) to minimize the risk of privilege escalation and other security vulnerabilities. Explain how you would implement and enforce pod security standards using SCCs, providing specific examples ot common security constraints and how you would configure them for various deployment scenarios.
正解：
解説：
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Security Context Constraints (SCCs):
- Create a new SCC resource. Here's an example for a restrictive SCC named "restricted-scc"'
2. Apply the SCC to Deployments: - Add a 'securitycontext' section to your Deployment resources to apply the SCC- Here's an example:
3. Test and Evaluate: - After deploying with the SCC, test the deployment and verify that the pod is created with the expected security restrictions. - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=my-apps to verify the pod's status and Its security context. Key Security Constraints in the Example: - 'allowPriviIegeEscaIation: false': Prevents containers from escalating their privileges. - 'readOnIyRootFiIesystem: true': Prevents modification of the root filesystem, reducing the risk of malicious code tampering. - 'privileged: false: Disallows running containers with root privileges, mitigating security risks. - 'volumes': Restricts the types of volumes that can be used, limiting access to sensitive data or resources. Deployment Scenario: - For critical services handling sensitive data, use a highly restrictive SCC like the one provided. - For less critical services, you might need a more permissive SCC. - You can create different SCCs for different levels of security requirements and apply them accordingly. Important Notes: - Always test your SCCs thoroughly before implementing them in production environments. - Regularly review and update your SCCs to ensure they remain effective and in line with your security best practices. - Consider using Kubernetes security scanning tools to identifiy potential vulnerabilities in your deployments and SCC configurations.
質問 # 56
A container image scanner is set up on the cluster.
Given an incomplete configuration in the directory
/etc/kubernetes/confcontrol and a functional container image scanner with HTTPS endpoint https://test-server.local.8081/image_policy
正解：A
解説：
2. Validate the control configuration and change it to implicit deny.
Finally, test the configuration by deploying the pod having the image tag as latest.
質問 # 57
You are monitoring a Kubernetes cluster running a critical web application. You observe a sudden spike in resource consumption, specifically CPU utilization, on a specific pod within the cluster. The pod's CPL] usage is significantly higher than its usual baseline. How can you use behavioral analytics to investigate the cause of this spike and potentially identify malicious activity? Provide a step-by-step approach with concrete examples and tools.
正解：
解説：
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Identify the affected pod: Use 'kubectl get podS or the Kubernetes dashboard to identity the pod exhibiting abnormal CPU usage.
2. Gatner relevant data:
- Kubernetes Events: Examine the pod's events using 'kubectl describe pod ' or 'kubectl get events -field-selector Look for unusual events like container restarts, tailed probes, or resource limits being exceeded.
- Pod logs: Use 'kubectl logs to retrieve the pod's logs. Analyze the logs for suspicious activity like error messages, unusual requests, or unexpected commands.
- Resource metrics: Employ monitoring tools like Prometheus, Grafana, or Datadog to visualize the pod's CPU usage over time. Identity potential anomalies like sudden spikes or sustained high usage that deviate from the baseline.
- Network traffic: Analyze network traffic associated with the pod using tools like tcpdump, Wireshark, or network monitoring dashboards. Look for unusual connections, excessive bandwidth consumption, or suspicious communication patterns.
3. Analyze the collected data:
- Baseline Comparison: Compare the current resource usage with the pod's historical performance baseline. Identify significant deviations that could indicate a problem.
- Behavioral Analysis: Look for unusual or unexpected actions within the pod's logs and events. For example, observe if the pod is executing scripts, running unexpected commands, or making excessive network calls.
4. Identify potential causes:
- Code Bug: Check for recent code changes or deployments that could have introduced resource-intensive code.
- Resource Contention: Analyze other pods sharing the same node to identify any potential resource contention.
- Malicious Activity: Consider the possibility of malicious activity if the observed behavior is consistent with known attack patterns. Examples include:
- Cryptojacking: The pod could be running cryptocurrency mining software.
- Denial-of-Service (DoS): The pod might be launching attacks against other resources.
- Data Exfiltration: The pod could be trying to steal sensitive data from the cluster
5. Investigate further:
- Security Scanning: Conduct a security scan of the affected container image to identify potential vulnerabilities. I-Jse tools like Clair, Trivy, or Anchore
- Network Forensics: If suspicious network traffic is identified, conduct network forensics analysis to track the source and destination of the traffic.
- Threat Intelligence: Use threat intelligence feeds to correlate observed behavior with known attack patterns and identify potential threat actors.
6. Remediation:
- Isolate the pod: If malicious activity is suspected, isolate the pod to prevent further harm.
- Patch vulnerabilities: Apply security patches to the affected container image and the Kubernetes nodes-
- Implement security controls: Strengthen security controls to prevent future attacks. Examples include:
- Network Segmentation: Isolate sensitive applications and data.
- Access Control: Use role-based access control (RBAC) to restrict access to sensitive resources.
- Intrusion Detection: Implement intrusion detection systems (IDS) to monitor for suspicious activity
Example (using Prometheus & Grafana):
- Configure Prometheus to scrape metrics from the Kubernetes cluster
- Use Grafana to create a dashboard with panels displaying pod resource usage over time.
- Analyze the dashboard to identify sudden spikes or sustained high CPU utilization.
- Drill down into the affected pod and examine logs and events to identify potential causes.
質問 # 58
......
CKS最新日本語版参考書: https://www.mogiexam.com/CKS-exam.html
ちなみに、MogiExam CKSの一部をクラウドストレージからダウンロードできます：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1AV9DC7gRJv3LlmEjtH9-cPMT1q9TIV5U