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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Topic 2: Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Topic 3: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Topic 4: Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Topic 5: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Topic 6: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Topic 7: Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Topic 8: Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Topic 9: Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
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NEW QUESTION # 845
When injecting sodium pentobarbital into an animal during a euthanasia procedure, what route of administration is preferred?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Sodium pentobarbital is commonly used during euthanasia procedures to induce unconsciousness, followed by cessation of respiration and cardiac arrest. Intravenous administration is strongly preferred because it is simple and causes death rapidly. Recommendations by the AVMA encourage pre-sedation, analgesia, and/or anesthesia before the administration of the euthanasia solution or method used.
Intracardiac and intrahepatic administration are less preferable because the solution is injected blindly and may cause pain. Additionally, larger volumes are necessary to permit for a sufficiently rapid passing.
Intraperitoneal administration is only used when intravenous administration is not possible; death by this method takes much longer because of slower absorption rates and also requires larger volumes of drug.
NEW QUESTION # 846
When assessing a new patient, the veterinary technician notes that the patient has yellow mucous membranes. What might this indicate?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Yellow mucous membranes indicate elevated bilirubin levels in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) and tissues (jaundice or icterus). This is caused by liver failure, hemolysis (ruptured red blood cells), and gallbladder disease.
Pale or white mucous membranes indicate inadequate blood volume or anemia (low red blood cell count).
Blue or purple mucous membranes indicate cyanosis (insufficient oxygenation of tissues).
Very red mucous membranes indicate sepsis (bacterial infection in the bloodstream with overwhelming inflammation). Endotoxemia also causes brick red membranes. It is a toxin-induced illness, triggered by a part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. This toxin enters the bloodstream via abnormal tissue, causing systemic wide disease. It can also happen as a result of metritis, pneumonia, or large wounds.
NEW QUESTION # 847
Many camelids are raised in zoos or used for fiber production for clothing, most commonly alpacas. You are responding to a farm call with your veterinarian during the warm months for a new owner just starting out with alpacas. You need to educate them on various common medical concerns in these new world camelids.
Which of the following would you not need to discuss with them?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Camelids describe a group of animals with three-compartment stomachs, similar to ruminants, classified as functional ruminants. While camels are an example of "old world" camelids, either dromedary (one-humped) or Bactrian (two-humped), llamas, alpacas, and guanacos are all classified as "new world" camelids.
Why this is relevant stems from the natural habitats that they were designed to inhabit. Llamas and alpacas originate in the South American Andes mountains. As a result, they are not well-adapted to the high heat and humidity in much of the United States, especially in the warmer months. As a result, they are susceptible to heat stress and related sequelae. Advise your client that they need to provide appropriate shelter with appropriate fans and ventilation to allow cooling. They need access to clean and fresh water at all times, ideally located in various shade areas to encourage learning where those cooler areas of refuge may lie. Another important means to keep them cool relies on prompt shearing of the fiber from head to toe, being careful not to remove the last 1-3 inches.
Hepatic lipidosis is commonly seen in alpacas, domestic cats, cows, ponies, goats, sheep, and humans. The disease typically occurs in middle-aged, lactating, or pregnant camelids in the presence of anorexia or significant weight loss. Fatty liver results in times of negative energy balance, causing fat to build up in the liver. Thus, ensure your client knows to offer a variety of foliage and feed to supplement and increase the energy available to the animals. Have them let you know ASAP if an animal isn't eating so that you can intervene and offer oral supplementation when needed. Some require hospitalization and supportive care. The disease can be life-threatening, and any non-eating alpaca should be promptly evaluated.
A parasite commonly seen in camelids, Paralephosstrongylus tenius, a meningeal worm, causes significant neurological disease. Signs may include ataxia, weight loss, and even death. Llamas, alpacas, and other small domestic ruminants become infected accidentally or with incidental hosts. White-tailed deer, though unsymptomatic, provide the reservoir for this disease. Thus, advise your client to minimize exposure to wildlife as best as feasible. This may include fencing and other barriers to prevent contact with deer and other species.
The only condition mentioned that, while possible, commonly doesn't need intervention is parturition and reproductive emergencies. While twins may be feasible, they usually do not deliver to term. Abortion most commonly occurs within the first two months, after which abortion rates drop to < 2% of the time. Note, llama and alpaca gestation lasts 340-350 days. The process of parturition is known as 'unpacking.'
NEW QUESTION # 848
An eight-year-old FS Miniature Schnauzer is being discharged after her recent cystotomy. Which of the following is correct when advising the client about post-operative at-home care?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Post-operative hematuria is common after a cystostomy. Warning owners of this ahead of time can provide peace of mind and prevent unneeded phone calls to the office. However, inform the owner that if it lasts longer than 36 hours, the amount of blood is not lessening over time or worsening, or they continue to see blood clots pass, the pet should be re-evaluated.
Some animals are sent home without antibiotics, as antimicrobial stewardship recommends waiting until culture and sensitivity results are in to ensure proper therapy, complete resolution, and minimizing the animal's exposure to antibiotics and the negative effects it can have on the microbiome and risks of antimicrobial resistance development. However, once culture and sensitivity results return, an antibiotic may be prescribed if infection is present, and the owner may need to pick this up.
Dogs post-op should be walked on a leash more frequently than normal. This permits complete emptying of the bladder and allows the owner to monitor urine color or amount and to note any straining. Further, the owner can watch for pain during urination and if there is no urine production. The bladder mustn't get overstretched. If an animal has to hold their urine too long, this could put undue pressure on the bladder while healing.
Not passing any urine despite drinking appropriately and attempting to urinate could signify obstruction either by stones left in (hopefully not the case), blood clots, or another abnormality. This pet should be evaluated immediately.
Some animals may be prescribed a prescription diet, but this is generally held until the stone analysis returns in a few weeks. Normal post-op feeding instructions would be appropriate for this patient.
NEW QUESTION # 849
You are asked to set up a diabetic dog's treatment sheet. The patient will be hospitalized overnight, at the least, because he is ketotic and not eating well. The veterinarian wrote down drug doses and frequency but not the amount of drug per dose. You are asked to complete the treatment sheet, and the veterinarian will double-check it to ensure it meets his needs. The dog's ultrasound suggested possible delayed gastric emptying, and the dog has had moderate reflux. The veterinarian will use metoclopramide and would like 0.5 mg/kg IV q 6 to 8 hours.
What is the maximum total daily mgs acceptable for this 61.6-lb patient?
Answer: C
Explanation:
61.6 lb = 2.2 kg/X
X= 28 kg
0.5 mg/kg x 28 kg = 14 mg per dose
If the pet receives the medication every six hours, this would be four times daily, making the total daily dose 56 mg.
If we only evaluated it every eight hours, or three times daily, the total dose would be 42 mg/day.
Forgetting to convert lbs to kg and multiplying 61.1 lbs by 0.5 mg results in 30.55 mg/dose x 3 daily doses of 91.65 mg. If dosed 4x daily, it would be 122.2 mg. However, if we used pounds, we would be overdosing the dog.
NEW QUESTION # 850
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