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準備の時間が限られているので、多くの受験者はあなたのペースを速めることができます。 L4M8の実践教材は、知識の理解の誤りを改善します。多くのお客様は、明らかな改善を得て、負荷を軽減しています。そして、L4M8試験準備により、成績を改善し、生活の状態を変え、キャリアの驚くべき変化を得ることができ、すべてが可能になります。それはすべて、L4M8学習の質問から始まります。
| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Ethical and Sustainable Procurement | 15-20% | - Environmental sustainability in procurement - Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) - Ethical sourcing considerations - Modern slavery and fair trade - Supply chain transparency |
| Topic 2: Procurement Process and Procedures | 25-30% | - Contract award criteria - Procurement cycle stages - Purchase ordering and goods receipt - Supplier selection methods - Requirements gathering and specification |
| Topic 3: Practical Application Scenarios | 15-20% | - Applying theory to real-world procurement situations - Problem-solving and decision-making - Recommendation and justification skills - Case study analysis |
| Topic 4: Strategic Sourcing and Category Management | 20-25% | - Supplier segmentation and criticality analysis - Category segmentation - Strategic sourcing process - Spend analysis techniques |
| Topic 5: Supplier Relationship Management | 20-25% | - Supplier performance measurement (KPI, scorecards) - Supplier development and improvement - Supplier relationship types - Risk management in supplier relationships - Partnership and collaboration models |
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質問 # 95
Create a list of tangible, intangible, direct and indirect needs within an organization with which you are familiar.
正解：
解説：
See the answer in explanation.
Explanation:
Tangible costs are the cost an organization incur acquiring items that can be physically touched and or seen.
Examples includes; 1) Capital Purchase 2) Raw materials 3) Sundry items 4) Vehi-cles/transport 5) Utilities Intangible costs are the cost an organization incurs acquiring something that cannot be physically seen or touched. Examples include; 1) Insurance 2) Marketing 3) Research and development 4) Salaries and/pension
5) Services 6) Training.
Direct costs - These are costs that an organization incurs acquiring product and services directly attributable
/traceable to its production, for example, the cost of labour and materials directly uses to produce the goods
/services which the organization sells. In the case of buying and running a Lorry for transport fleet, this would be 1) total cost of acquiring the lorry,) Tooling 3) Operation.
Indirect cost - These are costs that are not directly associated to production, for example, materials and services not used in production, labour/ staff cost not directly attributed to production, such as management, sales and marking, ICT support, rents. In the case of buying and running a Lorry for transport fleet. Examples are; 1) Insurance 2) Disposal.
質問 # 96
Research the ethical standard or accreditation of an industry with which you are familiar.
正解：
解説：
If a supplier is accredited or is a member of an association that promotes good ethical conduct, a statement to this effect is likely to be featured on its company documentation. This could be in a form of letters after the organization name or the authorized use of logo.
Accreditation information should be verified by procurement professionals either asking organiza-tion for certification to prove membership or accreditation or checking on a professional register.
Below are associated bodies that form some industries.
1. ISO 14001 - for quality management
2. CIPS - for procurement and Supply
3. Red Tractor - NGO Registered in the UK, promoting human right
4. Amnesty International - human right
5. Carbon Trust - For Carbon neutral status.
* Refer to the question column for response
質問 # 97
Describe one qualitative and one quantitative measures of social impact for an organization with which you are familiar.
正解：
解説：
See the answer in explanation below.
Explanation:
Information gathered in relation to social impact for an organization is both qualitative and quantitative.
Fullpower consult is a project/procurement training company that has gotten a measure of its social impact.
The qualitative measure of the organization is its stakeholders perception. Stakeholders knows that fullpower will do all it can to always give the best value for money.
Fullpower has the policies to give 10% of its profit share back to the community, by sponsoring free trainings for both professionals and vocational.
Addition
Qualitative and quantitative measures of social impact
Qualitative
Stakeholder perception
Reputation
Good Ethical practice
Benefit to the economy
Quantitative
20% Reduction in emission
Amount of funding donated
Amount of train courses delivered
Percentage of Resources Replaced
* Refer to the question column for response
質問 # 98
What potential costs could an organization face if it fails to conduct Due diligence effectively?
正解：
解説：
Though strong due diligence procurement professionals can assess which suppliers or potential suppliers appear to meet the criteria associated with ethical practice.
Prior to the contract being awarded, strong due diligence can save the organization from the following cost:
1) Cost of reputation
2) Environmental damage
3) Stakeholders dissatisfaction,
4) poor quality and rework
5) Breach of contract
6) Ethical concerns
質問 # 99
Analyse FIVE whole-life costs that SigmaCo should consider when sourcing globally. (25 marks) SigmaCo Following the recruitment of a new internationally focused CEO at SigmaCo. there has been a new global sales expansion strategy. To compete in a larger international market that is very price-sensitive. the senior management team has put together a project team that will evaluate current whole-life asset management practices, particularly focused on costs.
One of the areas of costs is the direct materials and equipment that are used in SigmaCo's manufacture of its toys. These are currently sourced from suppliers in SigmaCo's home country. The direct materials represent
65% of their overall spend and this area of cost has the potential to deliver vital cost savings to enable SigmaCo to compete with larger companies, but still differentiate based on its strong brand name and commitment to quality.
initial research has identified a range of global suppliers that can provide the direct materials and equipment that SigmaCo requires at significantly lower unit prices. This global sourcing approach is being considered to achieve lower costs. However, so that SigmaCo can fully understand the full implications of this change in its sourcing approach, the whole-life costs need to be analysed.
正解：
解説：
See the answer in explanation.below.
Explanation:
3.3 Analyse FIVE whole-life costs that SigmaCo should consider when sourcing globally. (25 marks) Whole-life costing means looking at the total cost of an item over its full life , rather than only the initial purchase price. CIPS defines total cost of ownership as an estimate of the end-to-end cost of providing a service or manufacturing a product, including purchase price, acquisition cost, usage cost and end-of-life cost . This is important for SigmaCo because global suppliers may offer lower unit prices, but the total cost may be much higher once all other costs are included.
1. Acquisition and logistics costs
The first whole-life cost SigmaCo should consider is the cost of getting the materials and equipment from overseas suppliers to its factory. This includes freight, shipping, insurance, port handling, customs clearance, import duties and inland transport. These costs can be significant in global sourcing and may reduce or even remove the apparent savings from lower supplier prices. In analysis, a cheap overseas unit price may not represent better value if transport and import costs are high or volatile. Since direct materials account for 65% of SigmaCo's overall spend, these additional landed costs are very important. Whole-life costing specifically includes acquisition costs, not just the purchase price.
2. Inventory and lead-time costs
A second cost is the effect of longer international lead times on inventory. If SigmaCo sources globally, it may need to hold more safety stock to protect production against shipping delays, customs problems or supply disruption. This creates costs such as warehousing, stock handling, insurance, working capital tied up in inventory and possible obsolescence. This is especially relevant in a price-sensitive toy market, where demand patterns may change quickly. Therefore, global sourcing may lower the price per unit but increase the total cost of holding stock. Whole-life cost analysis should capture these ongoing usage-related costs.
3. Quality failure and non-conformance costs
The third cost is the potential cost of poor quality. SigmaCo's brand is built partly on quality, so if globally sourced materials or equipment fail to meet specification, the business could face inspection costs, rework, scrap, production downtime, customer complaints or product returns. This is an important whole-life cost because a lower-priced supplier may create higher downstream costs if quality standards are inconsistent. In analysis, SigmaCo should not compare suppliers only on purchase price, but also on the total cost of defects and the impact on brand reputation. CIPS notes that total cost of ownership includes non-value-adding processes such as scrap and rework.
4. Supplier management, compliance and risk costs
A fourth whole-life cost is the cost of managing overseas suppliers. Global sourcing often requires more supplier evaluation, relationship management, audits, communication, travel, contract administration and risk monitoring. There may also be compliance costs linked to product safety, ethical sourcing, trade rules or due diligence requirements, depending on the source country and material. These costs are often hidden, but they are real and can be substantial when moving from local to international supply markets. In analysis, global sourcing may therefore increase procurement overhead and risk-management costs even when prices appear attractive. CIPS and wider public procurement guidance both stress that whole-life cost should include implementation and delivery risks, not simply the quoted price.
5. End-of-life and disposal costs
The fifth whole-life cost is the cost associated with the end of the item's life. For direct materials, this may include waste, disposal, recycling or handling of unusable stock. For equipment, it may include decommissioning, replacement, disposal, recycling and environmental compliance costs. These costs matter because equipment bought cheaply from overseas could be more expensive to maintain, replace or dispose of later. CIPS states that end-of-life cost is one of the core categories of total cost of ownership, and procurement guidance also says buyers should consider removal and disposal when evaluating bids.
Conclusion
In conclusion, SigmaCo should not base its decision only on the lower unit prices offered by global suppliers.
It should analyse at least five major whole-life costs: acquisition and logistics costs, inventory and lead- time costs, quality failure costs, supplier management and risk costs, and end-of-life costs . By doing this, SigmaCo will be able to judge whether global sourcing genuinely reduces total cost while still protecting quality and brand value.
質問 # 100
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