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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
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NEW QUESTION # 906
Which type of teeth are used for tearing food in carnivore species?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Canines, located caudal to the incisors, are long, pointed teeth used to hold, grip, and tear food.
Incisors are located in the front of the jaw and are used to cut food. Molars are located at the caudal aspect of the mouth and are generally used for grinding and crushing food. Premolars are used to hold, grind, or crush food and are located between the canines and molars.
NEW QUESTION # 907
What additive do light-blue top blood collection tubes contain?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Blood collection tubes with light-blue tops contain sodium citrate solution as an anticoagulant. The light-blue top tube is generally used for coagulation studies.
Potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride are in gray-top tubes. Lithium heparin is in green-top tubes. EDTA is in lavender-top tubes.
NEW QUESTION # 908
What does the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) refer to when discussing antimicrobial susceptibility testing?
Answer: A
Explanation:
For each antibiotic and each organism, there exists a breakpoint. This breakpoint is a number that either describes the MIC or the diameter of the zone of inhibition. This zone of inhibition is created by measuring the diameter of the area inhibited by the antibiotic on antibiotic colony growing disks. The MIC refers to the actual concentration at which bacterial growth will not occur. They both represent a value at which an organism is susceptible to or resistant to a specific antimicrobial.
The serial dilution of a bacterial isolate growing in broth describes how the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion susceptibility test is achieved to determine the MIC of certain antibiotics for a specific bacterium.
Fastidious organisms are those that need particular growing conditions and nutrients to grow. Often, these organisms are difficult to culture and require the use of incubators and carbon dioxide gas to help increase the proliferative ability of the bacteria in the media.
NEW QUESTION # 909
The veterinarian asks you to perform a heat precipitation test. She has a patient with whom she is concerned about inflammation. What are you measuring when performing this test?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The most abundant coagulation factor in the body is fibrinogen. Produced by the liver, levels decrease with a failing liver and genetic factors and during clot formation (consumption). However, the production of the factor increases in the face of inflammation. Plasma fibrinogen concentrations are measured using heat precipitation. This concentration acts as a marker of inflammation for species such as cattle and horses when elevated. It is simple to perform.
*Fill two hematocrit tubes between 2/3 and 3/4 of the way full with anticoagulated (via EDTA) blood
*Centrifuge both tubes as you would for a PCV
*Break one of the tubes slightly above the buffy coat
*Use one of the unbroken ends to fill a hemocytometer prism
*A hemocytometer allows for manual cell counts
*Read the total protein (TP) line (g/dL) by using the scales for plasma protein concentrations
*Next, heat the second tube in a water bath at 56.C (132.8▫F) for three minutes. This precipitates the fibrinogen.
*Re-spin the heated tube. This causes the precipitated fibrinogen to settle right above the buffy coat.
*Then, break the tube above the buffy coat, and determine the TP in g/dL
*Calculate the concentration of fibrinogen using the following formula:
(TP unheated tube - TP heated tube) x 100 = mg/dL fibrinogen concentration Additional means to test for fibrinogen include immunological methods and tests for fibrin clot formation. Note that the heat precipitation test is not very accurate when performed in the face of low fibrinogen levels. But since we are evaluating for an elevation in the face of presumptive inflammation, it is considered a valid easy test.
Plasma protein concentrations are evaluated simply via a refractometer.
PT/PTT measures coagulation factors, not inflammation, and special analyzers are needed to run these tests.
C-Reactive protein is produced by the liver and is another indicator of inflammation, but this is a calculated value and not evaluated by the heat precipitation test.
NEW QUESTION # 910
A feline patient has been in the hospital and on IV fluids for the past 3 days. You have checked the catheter 2x daily and flushed it every 8 hours to make sure it is patent. However, at the start of your shift on the fourth morning, the cat's paw is a bit swollen. You unwrap the tape to evaluate the insertion site and find redness and swelling, and it seems painful to the touch.
Which of the following would you have concerns about?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Signs associated with IV catheter phlebitis (inflammation of the vein) include redness, swelling, soreness, and warmth.
It is important to recognize these conditions because the catheter should be removed and a new one placed elsewhere when present. As one removes the catheter, flush with heparinized saline to ensure no leakage around the insertion site and that injecting isn't painful to the patient. If leakage occurs, this could suggest that there was a possibility a drug administered during the hospital stay went out of the vessel or that the fluids may have been going outside the vessel. Some medications, when administered into the extravascular space, can cause damage.
Clinical signs of infection also include redness, swelling, soreness, warmth, and purulent discharge. Thrombosis causes the veins to stand out independently and feel cord-like when palpated.
NEW QUESTION # 911
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