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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
| Topic 2: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - Principles: public/private key pairs |
| Topic 3: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 4: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Standards and compliance |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation |
| Topic 6: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - HMAC construction and application - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 |
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NEW QUESTION # 85
(Which of the following best describes lightweight cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Lightweight cryptography refers to cryptographic primitives and profiles engineered for environments where computational resources are constrained-limited CPU, memory, power, bandwidth, and code size-while still requiring robust security. Typical targets include IoT sensors, embedded controllers, smart cards, RFID, wearables, and many mobile or edge deployments. The design goals emphasize efficiency (low energy consumption, small silicon area for hardware, small firmware footprint) and practical performance under constraints, often while providing modern security properties like authenticated encryption (confidentiality + integrity) and secure hashing. Lightweight cryptography is not simply "stronger encryption"; it balances security with implementability in constrained systems. It is also not restricted to military settings and is not inherently outdated-many lightweight designs are modern and motivated by the rapid growth of IoT and pervasive computing. Because constrained devices are common entry points for attackers, having secure primitives that fit those devices is a critical part of contemporary security architecture. Therefore, the best description is cryptographic algorithms designed for resource-constrained environments.
NEW QUESTION # 86
(How does adding salt to a password improve security?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
A salt is a unique, random value stored alongside a password hash and combined with the password during hashing. Its main security benefit is that it ensures identical passwords do not produce identical hashes across different accounts or systems. If two users choose the same password, their stored hashes will differ because their salts differ, which directly prevents attackers from spotting shared passwords by comparing hashes. Salts also defeat precomputation attacks such as rainbow tables, because an attacker would need to regenerate tables for each possible salt value-a task that becomes infeasible when salts are large and unique per password. Salt does not enforce password complexity rules (that's a policy/validation function), does not guarantee users choose different passwords, and does not prevent password reuse across sites. The correct statement is that salt makes the resulting hash different even for the same password, improving resistance to offline cracking at scale and eliminating the "same hash
= same password" shortcut attackers rely on.
NEW QUESTION # 87
(Two people want to communicate through secure email. The person creating the email wants to ensure only their friend can decrypt the email. Which key should the person creating the email use to encrypt the message?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
To ensure confidentiality so that only the intended recipient can decrypt an email, the sender must encrypt in a way that only the recipient can reverse. In public key cryptography, that means encrypting with the recipient's public key. The recipient is the only party who should possess the matching private key, so only they can decrypt the ciphertext. This pattern is fundamental to PKI-based secure email systems such as S/MIME and OpenPGP: the sender looks up or is provided the recipient's certificate
/public key, encrypts the message (often by encrypting a randomly generated symmetric session key with the recipient's public key), and the recipient uses their private key to recover the session key and decrypt the content. Encrypting with the sender's private key would not provide confidentiality; it resembles signing because anyone with the sender's public key could "decrypt" it. Encrypting with a private key of the recipient is also incorrect because private keys are not shared and should never leave the recipient's control. Therefore, the correct key to encrypt the message so only the friend can decrypt it is the recipient's public key.
NEW QUESTION # 88
(Why should a forensic investigator create a hash of a victim's hard drive and of the bitstream copy of the hard drive?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
In digital forensics, investigators must preserve evidence integrity and demonstrate an unbroken chain of custody. Creating a cryptographic hash (such as SHA-256) of the original drive and then hashing the forensic bitstream image provides a strong mathematical assurance that the copy is an exact, bit-for-bit replica. Because secure hash functions are designed so that any tiny change in data produces a dramatically different digest, matching hashes indicate the image contains identical data to the source at the time of acquisition. This is critical in legal and investigative contexts: analysis is performed on the copy, not the original, to avoid altering evidence. If the hashes match, the investigator can testify that the evidence examined is identical to what was collected, supporting admissibility and credibility.
Hashing does not prove who created files, nor does it directly show whether someone "opened the drive"; it specifically validates the integrity and equivalence of the captured image. Therefore, hashing both artifacts is done to verify that the original and the bitstream copy are identical.
NEW QUESTION # 89
(What is the length (in bits) of a SHA-1 hash output?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) produces a fixed-size output of 160 bits (20 bytes). Hash output size matters in cryptography because it influences collision resistance and the effort required for various attacks.
For an ideal n-bit hash, finding a collision by generic means is expected around 2
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