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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API server security - Authentication and authorization |
| Cluster Setup | 15% | - Hardening cluster components - Secure installation configuration |
| Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Audit logging and monitoring - Runtime threat detection |
| Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Container isolation and security contexts - Pod security standards |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Host security controls - Kernel and node security configuration |
>> CKS Valid Exam Objectives <<
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NEW QUESTION # 41
SIMULATION
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 12 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 8 old audit logs files are retained.
4. set the maximum size before getting rotated to 200MB
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. namespaces changes at RequestResponse
2. Log the request body of secrets changes in the namespace kube-system.
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Log "pods/portforward", "services/proxy" at Metadata level.
5. Omit the Stage RequestReceived All other requests at the Metadata level
Answer:
Explanation:
Kubernetes auditing provides a security-relevant chronological set of records about a cluster. Kube-apiserver performs auditing. Each request on each stage of its execution generates an event, which is then pre-processed according to a certain policy and written to a backend. The policy determines what's recorded and the backends persist the records.
You might want to configure the audit log as part of compliance with the CIS (Center for Internet Security) Kubernetes Benchmark controls.
The audit log can be enabled by default using the following configuration in cluster.yml:
services:
kube-api:
audit_log:
enabled: true
When the audit log is enabled, you should be able to see the default values at /etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml The log backend writes audit events to a file in JSONlines format. You can configure the log audit backend using the following kube-apiserver flags:
--audit-log-path specifies the log file path that log backend uses to write audit events. Not specifying this flag disables log backend. - means standard out
--audit-log-maxage defined the maximum number of days to retain old audit log files
--audit-log-maxbackup defines the maximum number of audit log files to retain
--audit-log-maxsize defines the maximum size in megabytes of the audit log file before it gets rotated If your cluster's control plane runs the kube-apiserver as a Pod, remember to mount the hostPath to the location of the policy file and log file, so that audit records are persisted. For example:
--audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml \
--audit-log-path=/var/log/audit.log
NEW QUESTION # 42
Service is running on port 389 inside the system, find the process-id of the process, and stores the names of all the open-files inside the /candidate/KH77539/files.txt, and also delete the binary.
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 43
Context: Cluster: prod Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context prod
Task: Analyse and edit the given Dockerfile (based on the ubuntu:18:04 image) /home/cert_masters/Dockerfile fixing two instructions present in the file being prominent security/best-practice issues.
Analyse and edit the given manifest file /home/cert_masters/mydeployment.yaml fixing two fields present in the file being prominent security/best-practice issues.
Note: Don't add or remove configuration settings; only modify the existing configuration settings, so that two configuration settings each are no longer security/best-practice concerns. Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user id 65535
Answer:
Explanation:
1. For Dockerfile: Fix the image version & user name in Dockerfile 2. For mydeployment.yaml : Fix security contexts Explanation
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu:latest # Remove this
FROM ubuntu:18.04 # Add this
USER root # Remove this
USER nobody # Add this
RUN apt get install -y lsof=4.72 wget=1.17.1 nginx=4.2
ENV ENVIRONMENT=testing
USER root # Remove this
USER nobody # Add this
CMD ["nginx -d"]
[desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/mydeployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
app: kafka
name: kafka
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: kafka
strategy: {}
template:
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
app: kafka
spec:
containers:
- image: bitnami/kafka
name: kafka
volumeMounts:
- name: kafka-vol
mountPath: /var/lib/kafka
securityContext:
{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"],"drop":["all"]},"privileged": True,"readOnlyRootFilesystem": False, "runAsUser": 65535} # Delete This
{"capabilities":{"add":["NET_ADMIN"],"drop":["all"]},"privileged": False,"readOnlyRootFilesystem": True, "runAsUser": 65535} # Add This resources: {} volumes:
- name: kafka-vol
emptyDir: {}
status: {}
Pictorial View: [desk@cli] $ vim /home/cert_masters/mydeployment.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 44
You need to implement a secure network policy that allows communication only between specific pods within a namespace. For example, you want to allow communication between pods that have the label 'app=frontend' and pods that have the label 'app=backend', but block all other communication within the namespace.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a NetworkPolicy:
- Define a NetworkP01icy that allows communication between 'frontend' and 'backend' pods, but blocks other communication within the namespace.
2. Create a Frontend Pod: - Create a Pod with the label 'app=frontend'.
3. Create a Backend Pod: - Create a Pod With the label 'app=backend'.
4. Apply the YAML files: - Apply the created YAML files using ' kubectl apply -f 5. Verify the Network Policy: - Try to connect from the 'frontend-pod' to the 'backend-pod' (e.g., using ' kubectl exec -it frontend-pod bash' and 'curl backend-pod:80')- It should succeed. - Try to connect from the 'frontend-pod' to another pod in the namespace that doesn't have the Sapp-backend' label. This connection should be blocked.
NEW QUESTION # 45
You are running a multi-tenant Kubernetes cluster where different teams manage their own applications. You want to ensure that each team's applications are isolated from each other to prevent potential security risks.
How would you use Network Policies to achieve this isolation?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create separate namespaces for each team: This is the foundation for network isolation.
2. Define Network Policies for each namespace:
Restrict inbound traffic: Only allow specific protocols and ports from trusted sources to access the namespace.
Control outbound traffic: Limit outbound connections from pods within the namespace to specific destinations.
Example Network Policy (ingress):
3. Apply the Network Policies: bash kubectl apply -f team-a-ingress-yaml kubectl apply -f team-b-ingress.yaml # Apply policies for other namespaces Example Scenario: Team A: Runs a web application accessible only from within its namespace. Team B: Runs a database service that can be accessed by Team A's application but not by other teams. Network Policies: Team A Network Policy: Ingress: Only allow traffic from Team B's database service- Egress Allow outbound traffic to the internet for updates and dependencies. Team B Network Policy: Ingress: Allow traffic from Team A's web application Egress Limit outbound traffic to specific servers for backups and maintenance. Note: Network Policies are a powerful tool for achieving network isolation in Kubernetes. They allow you to fine-tune the communication patterns between pods and namespaces, enhancing security and mitigating potential risks.
NEW QUESTION # 46
......
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