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CISSP認定を取得することの利点は多数あります。この認定は、世界中の組織や企業によって認識されており、専門家が情報セキュリティの分野でキャリアを向上させるのに役立ちます。認定はまた、候補者がサイバー攻撃からデータとシステムを保護するために必要なスキルと知識を持っていることを雇用主とクライアントに示しています。さらに、この認定は、情報セキュリティの分野にある専門家のネットワークへのアクセスを提供します。
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ISC CISSP（Certified Information Systems Security Professional）試験は、情報セキュリティの分野における候補者の知識とスキルをテストするために設計された認定試験です。この試験は、情報セキュリティの専門家の能力を測定するための基準として、世界的に認められています。ISC（国際情報システムセキュリティ認定コンソーシアム）によって作成され、情報セキュリティの分野で最も求められている認定資格の一つです。
質問 # 1682
During an IS audit, auditor has observed that authentication and authorization steps are split into two functions and there is a possibility to force the authorization step to be completed before the authentication step. Which of the following technique an attacker could user to force authorization step before authentication?
正解：A
解説：
A race condition is when processes carry out their tasks on a shared resource in an incorrect order. A race condition is possible when two or more processes use a shared resource, as in data within a variable. It is important that the processes carry out their functionality in the correct sequence. If process 2 carried out its task on the data before process 1, the result will be much different than if process1 carried out its tasks on the data before process 2 In software, when the authentication and authorization steps are split into two functions, there is a possibility an attacker could use a race condition to force the authorization step to be completed before the authentication step. This would be a flaw in the software that the attacker has figured out how to exploit. A race condition occurs when two or more processes use the same resource and the sequences of steps within the software can be carried out in an improper order, something that can drastically affect the output. So, an attacker can force the authorization step to take place before the authentication step and gain unauthorized access to a resource.
The following answers are incorrect: Eavesdropping - is the act of secretly listening to the private conversation of others without their consent, as defined by Black's Law Dictionary. This is commonly thought to be unethical and there is an old adage that "eavesdroppers seldom hear anything good of themselves...eavesdroppers
always try to listen to matters that concern them."
Traffic analysis - is the process of intercepting and examining messages in order to deduce information from patterns in communication. It can be performed even when the messages are encrypted and cannot be decrypted. In general, the greater the number of messages observed, or even intercepted and stored, the more can be inferred from the traffic. Traffic analysis can be performed in the context of military intelligence, counter-intelligence, or pattern-of-life analysis, and is a concern in computer security.
Masquerading - A masquerade attack is an attack that uses a fake identity, such as a network identity, to gain unauthorized access to personal computer information through legitimate access identification. If an authorization process is not fully protected, it can become extremely vulnerable to a masquerade attack. Masquerade attacks can be perpetrated using stolen passwords and logons, by locating gaps in programs, or by finding a way around the authentication process. The attack can be triggered either by someone within the organization or by an outsider if the organization is connected to a public network. The amount of access masquerade attackers get depends on the level of authorization they've managed to attain. As such, masquerade attackers can have a full smorgasbord of cyber crime opportunities if they've gained the highest access authority to a business organization. Personal attacks, although less common, can also be harmful.
Following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 324 Official ISC2 guide to CISSP CBK 3rd Edition Page number 66 CISSP All-In-One Exam guide 6th Edition Page Number 161
質問 # 1683
Which of the following is an advantage of using a high-level programming language?
正解：C
解説：
Coding standards are enforced because a specific order to statements are required and there is required syntax that also must be used. High-Level languages are easier to read because of the english like statements.
See extract below from the Official ISC2 Guide (OIG) to the CISSP CBK :
In the development phase, programmers have the option of writing code in several different programming languages. A programming language is a set of rules telling the computer what operations to perform.
Programming languages have evolved in generations, and each language is characterized into one of the generations. Those in the lower level are closer in form to the binary language of the computer. Both machine and assembly languages are considered low-level languages.
As the languages become easier and more similar to the language people use to communicate, they become higher level. High-level languages are easier to use than low- level languages and can be used to produce programs more quickly.
In addition, high-level languages may be said to be beneficial because they enforce coding standards and can provide more security. On the other hand, higher level languages automate certain functions, and provide complicated operations for the program, implemented by the programming environment or tool, the internal details of which may be poorly understood by the programmer. Therefore, it is possible that high-level languages may introduce security vulnerabilities in ways that are not apparent to the developer.
Programming languages are frequently referred to by generations.
The first generation is generally held to be the machine language, opcodes (operating codes), and object code used by the computer itself. These are very simple instructions that can be executed directly by the CPU of a computer. Each type of computer has its own machine language. However, the blizzard of hexadecimal or binary code is difficult for people to understand.
A second generation of assembly language was created, which uses symbols as abbreviations for major instructions.
The third generation, usually known as high-level language, uses meaningful words
(generally English) as the commands. COBOL, FORTRAN, BASIC, and C are examples of this type.
Above this point there may be disagreement on definitions. Fourth-generation languages, sometimes known as very high-level languages, are represented by query languages, report generators, and application generators.
Fifth-generation languages, or natural language interfaces, require expert systems and artificial intelligence. The intent is to eliminate the need for programmers to learn a specific vocabulary, grammar, or syntax. The text of a natural language statement very closely resembles human speech.
NOTE FROM CLEMENT:
The use of the word Standard above is synonymous with Conventions
Code conventions are important to programmers for a number of reasons:
80% of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance.
Hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author.
Code conventions improve the readability of the software, allowing engineers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly.
If you ship your source code as a product, you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create.
The following statements are incorrect:
It decreases execution times for programs. This is incorrect because high-level languages need to be converted into code that the computer understands. The programs are either compiled or run through an interpreter and converted into machine language.
It allows programmers to define syntax. Is incorrect because there is a required syntax for high-level languages.
It requires programmer-controlled storage management. Is incorrect because whether it is a high-level language or not this would not be an advantage.
Reference(s) used for this question:
OIG CBK Application Security (pages 545 - 547)
and
Hernandez CISSP, Steven (2012-12-21). Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP CBK, Third
Edition ((ISC)2 Press) (Kindle Locations 13030-13035). Auerbach Publications. Kindle
Edition.
and
Example of Java Code Conventions
質問 # 1684
Which of the following is a BEST practice when traveling internationally with laptops containing Personally Identifiable Information (PII)?
正解：B
解説：
The best practice when traveling internationally with laptops containing Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is to do not take unnecessary information, including sensitive information. PII is any information that can be used to identify, contact, or locate a specific individual, such as name, address, phone number, email, social security number, or biometric data. PII is subject to various privacy and security laws and regulations, and must be protected from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, or theft. When traveling internationally with laptops containing PII, the best practice is to minimize the amount and type of PII that is stored or processed on the laptop, and to take only the information that is absolutely necessary for the business purpose. This can reduce the risk of losing, exposing, or compromising the PII, and the potential legal or reputational consequences.
Using a thumb drive to transfer information from a foreign computer, connecting the laptop only to well- known networks like the hotel or public Internet cafes, and requesting international points of contact help scan the laptop on arrival to ensure it is protected are not the best practices when traveling internationally with laptops containing PII, as they may still expose the PII to various threats, such as malware, interception, or tampering, and may not comply with the privacy and security requirements of different countries or regions.
質問 # 1685
Why is a system's criticality classification important in large organizations?
正解：B
質問 # 1686
All of the following are basic components of a security policy EXCEPT the
正解：C
解説：
Policies are considered the first and highest level of documentation, from which the lower level elements of standards, procedures, and guidelines flow. This order, however, does not mean that policies are more important than the lower elements. These higher-level policies, which are the more general policies and statements, should be created first in the process for strategic reasons, and then the more tactical elements can follow. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 13
質問 # 1687
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