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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Image scanning and verification - Secure CI/CD practices |
| Topic 2: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API server security - Authentication and authorization |
| Topic 3: System Hardening | 15% | - Kernel and node security configuration - Host security controls |
| Topic 4: Minimizing Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Container isolation and security contexts - Pod security standards |
| Topic 5: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 15% | - Audit logging and monitoring - Runtime threat detection |
| Topic 6: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Secure installation configuration - Hardening cluster components |
The Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) (CKS) web-based practice test is compatible with these browsers: Chrome, Safari, Internet Explorer, MS Edge, Firefox, and Opera. This Certified Kubernetes Security Specialist (CKS) (CKS) practice exam does not require any software installation as it is web-based. It has similar specifications to the Linux Foundation CKS desktop-based practice exam software, but it requires an internet connection.
NEW QUESTION # 61
You are responsible for securing the Kubernetes clusters supply chain. Your organization utilizes a private Docker registry to host container images. Currently, images are built and pushed to this registry without any validation or signing. How can you implement a policy to ensure that only signed and verified images are deployed to the cluster?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Set Up a Signing Authority:
- Choose a trusted entity (e.g., a dedicated server or a dedicated user account) to act as the signing authority.
- Generate a private and public key pair using tools like 'openssr or 'gpg'
- Store the private key securely and ensure only authorized individuals have access.
2. Configure Image Signing:
- Create a script or integrate signing into your image build process.
- when building an image, use the private key from the signing authority to sign the image.
- The signing process embeds a digital signature within the image manifest.
3. Integrate Image Verification
- Configure the Kubernetes cluster to enforce image signature verification.
- Utilize tools like 'admission webhookS to inspect incoming images.
- The webh00k will check if the image has a valid signature from the trusted authority.
- If the signature is invalid or missing, the deployment will be blocked.
4. Example Implementation (using 'cosign'):
-
5. Integrate with CI/CD pipelines: - Integrate image signing and verification into your automated CI/CD pipelines. - This ensures consistency and prevents accidental deployment of unsigned images.
NEW QUESTION # 62
SIMULATION
Create a PSP that will prevent the creation of privileged pods in the namespace.
Create a new PodSecurityPolicy named prevent-privileged-policy which prevents the creation of privileged pods.
Create a new ServiceAccount named psp-sa in the namespace default.
Create a new ClusterRole named prevent-role, which uses the newly created Pod Security Policy prevent-privileged-policy.
Create a new ClusterRoleBinding named prevent-role-binding, which binds the created ClusterRole prevent-role to the created SA psp-sa.
Also, Check the Configuration is working or not by trying to Create a Privileged pod, it should get failed.
Answer:
Explanation:
Create a PSP that will prevent the creation of privileged pods in the namespace.
$ cat clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: use-privileged-psp
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- default-psp
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: privileged-role-bind
namespace: psp-test
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: use-privileged-psp
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: privileged-sa
$ kubectl -n psp-test apply -f clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
After a few moments, the privileged Pod should be created.
Create a new PodSecurityPolicy named prevent-privileged-policy which prevents the creation of privileged pods.
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: example
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
# The rest fills in some required fields.
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
And create it with kubectl:
kubectl-admin create -f example-psp.yaml
Now, as the unprivileged user, try to create a simple pod:
kubectl-user create -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pause
spec:
containers:
- name: pause
image: k8s.gcr.io/pause
EOF
The output is similar to this:
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "STDIN": pods "pause" is forbidden: unable to validate against any pod security policy: [] Create a new ServiceAccount named psp-sa in the namespace default.
$ cat clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
name: use-privileged-psp
rules:
- apiGroups: ['policy']
resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
verbs: ['use']
resourceNames:
- default-psp
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: privileged-role-bind
namespace: psp-test
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: use-privileged-psp
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: privileged-sa
$ kubectl -n psp-test apply -f clusterrole-use-privileged.yaml
After a few moments, the privileged Pod should be created.
Create a new ClusterRole named prevent-role, which uses the newly created Pod Security Policy prevent-privileged-policy.
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
name: example
spec:
privileged: false # Don't allow privileged pods!
# The rest fills in some required fields.
seLinux:
rule: RunAsAny
supplementalGroups:
rule: RunAsAny
runAsUser:
rule: RunAsAny
fsGroup:
rule: RunAsAny
volumes:
- '*'
And create it with kubectl:
kubectl-admin create -f example-psp.yaml
Now, as the unprivileged user, try to create a simple pod:
kubectl-user create -f- <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: pause
spec:
containers:
- name: pause
image: k8s.gcr.io/pause
EOF
The output is similar to this:
Error from server (Forbidden): error when creating "STDIN": pods "pause" is forbidden: unable to validate against any pod security policy: [] Create a new ClusterRoleBinding named prevent-role-binding, which binds the created ClusterRole prevent-role to the created SA psp-sa.
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
# This role binding allows "jane" to read pods in the "default" namespace.
# You need to already have a Role named "pod-reader" in that namespace.
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
name: read-pods
namespace: default
subjects:
# You can specify more than one "subject"
- kind: User
name: jane # "name" is case sensitive
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
# "roleRef" specifies the binding to a Role / ClusterRole
kind: Role #this must be Role or ClusterRole
name: pod-reader # this must match the name of the Role or ClusterRole you wish to bind to apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: Role metadata:
namespace: default
name: pod-reader
rules:
- apiGroups: [""] # "" indicates the core API group
resources: ["pods"]
verbs: ["get", "watch", "list"]
NEW QUESTION # 63
Analyze and edit the given Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu:latest
RUN apt-get update -y
RUN apt-install nginx -y
COPY entrypoint.sh /
ENTRYPOINT ["/entrypoint.sh"]
USER ROOT
Fixing two instructions present in the file being prominent security best practice issues Analyze and edit the deployment manifest file apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata:
name: security-context-demo-2
spec:
securityContext:
runAsUser: 1000
containers:
- name: sec-ctx-demo-2
image: gcr.io/google-samples/node-hello:1.0
securityContext:
runAsUser: 0
privileged: True
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Fixing two fields present in the file being prominent security best practice issues Don't add or remove configuration settings; only modify the existing configuration settings Whenever you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user test-user with the user id 5487
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 64
SIMULATION
Create a User named john, create the CSR Request, fetch the certificate of the user after approving it.
Create a Role name john-role to list secrets, pods in namespace john
Finally, Create a RoleBinding named john-role-binding to attach the newly created role john-role to the user john in the namespace john. To Verify: Use the kubectl auth CLI command to verify the permissions.
Answer:
Explanation:
se kubectl to create a CSR and approve it.
Get the list of CSRs:
kubectl get csr
Approve the CSR:
kubectl certificate approve myuser
Get the certificate
Retrieve the certificate from the CSR:
kubectl get csr/myuser -o yaml
here are the role and role-binding to give john permission to create NEW_CRD resource:
kubectl apply -f roleBindingJohn.yaml --as=john
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/john_external-rosource-rb created kind: RoleBinding apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 metadata:
name: john_crd
namespace: development-john
subjects:
- kind: User
name: john
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: crd-creation
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: crd-creation
rules:
- apiGroups: ["kubernetes-client.io/v1"]
resources: ["NEW_CRD"]
verbs: ["create, list, get"]
NEW QUESTION # 65
SIMULATION
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may
result in a zero score.
[candidato@base] $ ssh cks000023
Task
Analyze and edit the Dockerfile located at /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile, fixing one instruction present in the file that is a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove instructions; only modify the one existing instruction with a security/best-practice concern.
Do not build the Dockerfile, Failure to do so may result in running out of storage and a zero score.
Analyze and edit the given manifest file /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml, fixing one fields present in the file that are a prominent security/best-practice issue.
Do not add or remove fields; only modify the one existing field with a security/best-practice concern.
Should you need an unprivileged user for any of the tasks, use user nobody with user ID 65535.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
0) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000023
sudo -i
PART A - Fix ONE prominent Dockerfile security/best-practice issue
1) Open the Dockerfile
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/build/Dockerfile
2) Find the "most obvious" security/best-practice problem and modify ONLY THAT ONE instruction Use / search in vi to quickly find candidates:
Candidate 1 (very common): USER root (or no USER but a USER 0)
Search:
/USER
If you see:
USER root
Change that single instruction to:
USER 65535
(or USER nobody if that exact word is already used in the file-but the task explicitly allows UID 65535, so USER 65535 is safest.)
✅ This is one-instruction change and is a top-tier best practice.
Candidate 2 (very common): FROM <image>:latest
Search:
/FROM
If you see something like:
FROM nginx:latest
Change ONLY that line to a pinned tag (example):
FROM nginx:1.25.5
(Any non-latest pinned version is the point. Don't add a digest line; just modify the existing FROM line.) Candidate 3: ADD http://... (remote URL download) Search:
/ADD
If you see remote URL usage like:
ADD https://example.com/app.tar.gz /app/
Change that single instruction to COPY only if it's copying local files.
If it's a remote URL, the more "correct" fix would normally be using curl with verification, but that would require adding instructions (not allowed).
So in this exam constraint, do NOT pick this unless it's actually a local add like:
ADD . /app
Then change just the word:
COPY . /app
3) Save and exit
:wq
Don't run docker build (task forbids building).
PART B - Fix ONE prominent security/best-practice issue in the Deployment manifest
4) Open the manifest
vi /home/candidate/subtle-bee/deployment.yaml
5) Change ONLY ONE existing field that is a clear security issue
Use / search in vi for the usual "bad fields":
Option 1 (most common): running as root
Search:
/runAsUser
If you see:
runAsUser: 0
Change that one existing field value to:
runAsUser: 65535
✅ This is a single-field change and matches the prompt hint.
Option 2: privileged container
Search:
/privileged
If you see:
privileged: true
Change only that value to:
privileged: false
Option 3: allow privilege escalation
Search:
/allowPrivilegeEscalation
If you see:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
Change only that value to:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
Option 4: writable root filesystem
Search:
/readOnlyRootFilesystem
If you see:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
Change only that value to:
readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
Option 5: image uses :latest
Search:
/image:
If you see:
image: something:latest
Change only that value to a pinned tag, e.g.:
image: something:1.2.3
6) Save and exit
:wq
What to pick (fast decision rule)
If you see run as root in either file, that's usually the highest scoring / most "prominent" security issue.
Dockerfile: USER root → USER 65535
Deployment: runAsUser: 0 → runAsUser: 65535
Those are perfect because you only modify one line/field and it matches the hint.
NEW QUESTION # 66
......
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