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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - ConfigMaps and Secrets - ServiceAccounts - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - Understanding and defining resource requirements, limits and quotas - Discover and use resources that extend Kubernetes (CRD, Operators) - SecurityContexts |
| Topic 2: Services and Networking | 20% | - Demonstrate basic understanding of NetworkPolicies - Use Ingress rules to expose applications - Provide and troubleshoot access to applications via services |
| Topic 3: Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Use built-in CLI tools to monitor Kubernetes applications - Utilize container logs - Debugging in Kubernetes - Implement probes and health checks - Understand API deprecation policies |
| Topic 4: Application Deployment | 20% | - Kustomize - Use Kubernetes primitives to implement common deployment strategies (e.g., blue/green or canary) - Use the Helm package manager to deploy existing packages - Understand Deployments and how to perform rolling updates |
| Topic 5: Application Design and Build | 20% | - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Define, build and modify container images - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns (e.g., sidecar, init and others) - Choose and use the right workload resource (Deployment, DaemonSet, CronJob, etc.) |
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NEW QUESTION # 234
You are building a web application with two microservices: a frontend service ('frontend') and a backend service ( ' backend'). The frontend service requires access to the backend service, which iS exposed on port 8080 within the Kubernetes cluster. How would you configure an Ingress resource to direct traffic to the correct service based on the hostname, ensuring that the frontend service can access the backend service internally without exposing the backend service to the public internet?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service tor the Backend Service:
- Define a Service for the 'backend' service, exposing it internally within the Kubernetes cluster on port 8080.
2. Configure the Ingress Resource: - Create an Ingress resource that directs traffic to the frontend service based on the hostname, allowing the frontend service to access the backend service internally without exposing it to the public internet - Define the Ingress rule to map the hostname 'frontend-example.com' to the 'frontend' service on port 80. - Configure an Ingress rule to enable access to the 'backend' service on port 8080 using the hostname 'internal-backend-example-com' within the Kubernetes cluster.
3. Create a Secret for the Frontend TLS Certificate: - Create a Secret in Kubernetes to store the TLS certificate and key for the frontend service.
4. Apply the Resources: - Apply the Service, Ingress, and Secret YAML files to your Kubernetes cluster using 'kubectl apply -f 5. Access the Frontend Service: - Access the frontend service using the hostname 'frontend-example.com'. The frontend service can now access the backend service internally using the hostname 'internal-backend-example-com' without exposing the backend service to the public internet.]
NEW QUESTION # 235
You are tasked With deploying a new web application on Kubernetes. The application is designed to be highly available and requires persistent storage for user dat a. The application needs to be able to handle incoming requests even during rolling updates. How would you design the deployment using StatetulSets, ensuring that the application remains available and data is preserved even when updating the deployment?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Create a PersistentVoIumeCIaim:
- Define a PersistentVoIumeCIaim (PVC) to request the necessary storage space for the application's data. This ensures persistent storage is provisioned for each pod.
2. Define a StatefulSet: - Create a StatefulSet that defines the deployment configuration. Ensure that the following configurations are included: - 'serviceName': Define a service name for the StatefulSet. - 'replicas': Define tne number of replicas (pods) required for the application. - 'volumeClaimTemplates': Include the previously defined PVC to ensure each pod is assigned persistent storage. - 'template-spec-containers. volumeMounts': Mount the volume from the PVC at the desired location within the container. - 'podManagementP01icy: Parallels: Configure the podManagementP01icy to allow parallel pod updates during rolling updates, maintaining application availability.
3. Create the Service. - Create a service that exposes the application to the outside world Use the 'ClusterlP' service type for internal access within the Kubernetes cluster.
4. Apply the Configuration: - Apply the StatefulSet, PVC, and service configurations using 'kubectl apply -f' to deploy the application on Kubernetes. 5. Verify the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get statefulsets webapp-statefulset and 'kubectl get pods -I app=webapp' to verify that the StatefuISet has been deployed successfully and the pods are running with the correct configurations. 6. Test Rolling Updates: - Push a new image to the 'example/webapp:latest Docker Hub repository. The StatetulSet will automatically initiate a rolling update. Monitor the pods using 'kubectl get pods -l app=webapp' to observe the update process. You should see that pods are updated one at a time, ensuring that the application remains available throughout the update. Important Notes: - StatetulSets are ideal for applications that require persistent storage, unique identifiers, and ordered deployments, making them suitable for highly available web applications. - The 'podManagementPolicy: Parallel' setting ensures that the application remains available even when pods are updated. - Always define a 'partition' in the 'rollinglJPdate' strategy to ensure that all pods are part of the update. - Consider using liveness probes and readiness probes Within your application containers for health checks to ensure the application is healthy during the rolling update process. - For external access, you can use a LoadBalancer service type in the service definition.,
NEW QUESTION # 236
You have a Deployment named 'redis-deployment that runs 3 replicas of a Redis container. You need to implement a rolling update strategy that allows tor a maximum ot one pod to be unavailable at any given time during tne update process, With the new pod becoming available before the old pod is terminated. Additionally, you want to ensure that the update process is triggered automatically whenever a new image is pushed to the Docker Hub repository 'redislabs/redis:latest.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML:
- Update the 'replicas to 2_
- Define 'maxunavailable: 1 ' and 'maxSurge: 1 ' in the 'strategy.rollingupdate' section to control the rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy-type' to 'Rollingupdate' to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.
- Add a 'spec-template.spec.imagePullPolicy: Always' to ensure that the new image is pulled even if it exists in the pod's local cache.
2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f redis-deployment.yaml' 3. Verify the Deployment - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments redis-deployment' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update. - Push a new image to the Docker Hub repository 5. Monitor the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=rediS to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. You will observe that one new pod with the updated image is created, and then one old pod is terminated- This ensures that there is no downtime during the update process. 6. Check for Successful Update: - Once the deployment is complete, use 'kubectl describe deployment redis-deployment' to see that the 'updatedReplicaS field matches the 'replicas' field, indicating a successful update.
NEW QUESTION # 237
Context
You are asked to allow a Pod to communicate with two other Pods but nothing else.
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result
in a zero score.
!
[candidate@base] $ ssh ckad000
18
charming-macaw namespace to use a NetworkPolicy allowing the Pod to send and receive traffic only to and from the Pods front and db.
All required NetworkPolicies have already been created.
You must not create, modify or delete any NetworkPolicy while working on this task. You may only use existing NetworkPolicies .
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution.
Explanation:
ssh ckad00018
You cannot create/modify/delete any NetworkPolicy.
So the only way to make the existing policies "take effect" is to ensure the right Pods have the labels
/selectors those policies expect.
The task: in namespace charming-macaw, configure things so the target Pod can send + receive traffic ONLY to/from Pods front and db.
1) Inspect what NetworkPolicies already exist (don't change them)
kubectl -n charming-macaw get netpol
kubectl -n charming-macaw get netpol -o wide
Dump them to see the selectors they use:
kubectl -n charming-macaw get netpol -o yaml
You are looking for policies that:
* select the restricted pod via spec.podSelector
* and allow ingress/egress only with selectors that match front and db
* often there's also a "default deny" policy.
2) Identify the Pods and their current labels
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pods -o wide
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pods --show-labels
Specifically inspect labels for front and db:
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pod front --show-labels
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pod db --show-labels
(If they're Deployments instead of single Pods, do:)
kubectl -n charming-macaw get deploy --show-labels
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pods -l app=front --show-labels
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pods -l app=db --show-labels
3) Figure out which pod is "the Pod" to restrict
Usually there's a third pod (e.g., backend, api, app) besides front and db.
List pods again and identify the "other" one:
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pods
Let's assume the pod to restrict is called app (replace as needed):
TARGET=<pod-to-restrict>
4) Match the existing NetworkPolicy selectors by labeling pods (allowed) Because you can't edit NetworkPolicies, you must make labels on Pods (or their controllers) match the policies' selectors.
4.1 Determine the label required on the TARGET pod
From the YAML, find the policy that selects the restricted pod, e.g.:
spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
role: restricted
Extract podSelector from each policy quickly:
kubectl -n charming-macaw get netpol -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{" => "}{.spec.
podSelector}{"\n"}{end}'
Pick the selector that is meant for the restricted pod, then apply it to the TARGET pod (example:
role=restricted):
kubectl -n charming-macaw label pod $TARGET role=restricted --overwrite Best practice (if the pod is managed by a Deployment): label the Deployment template instead, so it persists.
Find the owner:
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pod $TARGET -o jsonpath='{.metadata.ownerReferences[0].kind}{" "}{.
metadata.ownerReferences[0].name}{"\n"}'
If it's a ReplicaSet, find its Deployment:
RS=$(kubectl -n charming-macaw get pod $TARGET -o jsonpath='{.metadata.ownerReferences[0].name}') kubectl -n charming-macaw get rs $RS -o jsonpath='{.metadata.ownerReferences[0].kind}{" "}{.metadata.
ownerReferences[0].name}{"\n"}'
Then label the Deployment (example):
kubectl -n charming-macaw label deploy <DEPLOYMENT_NAME> role=restricted --overwrite
4.2 Ensure front and db match what the allow-rules reference
Look inside the allow policy ingress.from / egress.to. You might see something like:
from:
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
name: front
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
name: db
So you must ensure:
* front pod has name=front
* db pod has name=db
Apply labels (examples-use what the policy expects):
kubectl -n charming-macaw label pod front name=front --overwrite
kubectl -n charming-macaw label pod db name=db --overwrite
Again, if they're Deployments, label the Deployment instead:
kubectl -n charming-macaw label deploy front name=front --overwrite
kubectl -n charming-macaw label deploy db name=db --overwrite
5) Verify the NetworkPolicies now "select" the right pods
Check which labels each pod has now:
kubectl -n charming-macaw get pods --show-labels
Confirm the restricted pod matches the NetPol podSelector:
kubectl -n charming-macaw get netpol <POLICY_NAME> -o jsonpath='{.spec.podSelector}{"\n"}' kubectl -n charming-macaw get pod $TARGET --show-labels
6) Functional verification (quick network tests)
Exec into the restricted pod and try to reach:
* front # allowed
* db # allowed
* anything else # blocked
If busybox has wget:
kubectl -n charming-macaw exec -it $TARGET -- sh -c 'wget
-qO- http://front 2
>/dev/null || true'
kubectl -n charming-macaw exec -it $TARGET -- sh -c 'wget
-qO- http://db 2
>/dev/null || true'
Test something that should be blocked (example: kubernetes service DNS name):
kubectl -n charming-macaw exec -it $TARGET -- sh -c 'wget -qO- https://kubernetes.default.svc 2>/dev/null
|| echo "blocked"'
Also test inbound (from front to target, and from db to target) if the target listens on a port; otherwise inbound testing may be limited.
What you're doing conceptually
* Existing NetPols are already correct.
* Your job is to make pod labels match the NetPol selectors so:
* default deny applies to the target
* allow rules apply only between target # front and target # db
NEW QUESTION # 238
You are deploying a resource-intensive application that requires a large amount of memory and CPU. How would you create a ResourceQuota to limit the resources consumed by this application and prevent it from impacting other workloads in the cluster?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Define the ResourceQuota:
- Create a ResourceQuota object named resource-limit' in the namespace where the application is deployed.
- Set the resource limits for the application by specifying the maximum allowed requests for CPU and memory.
- You can also set limits for other resources, such as pods and services.
2. Apply the ResourceQuota: - Apply the ResourceQuota configuration using 'kubectl apply -f resource-limit.yaml' 3. Test the Resource Limits. - Try to create or scale the resource-intensive application beyond the defined limits. - You should receive an error indicating that the ResourceQuota has been exceeded.
NEW QUESTION # 239
......
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