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問題 #59
Which of the following acts was passed by the U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporations?
答案：D
解題說明：
TheSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)was enacted by the U.S. Congress in2002in response to major corporate accounting scandals and was specifically designed toprotect investorsby improving the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of corporate disclosures and financial reporting. SOX strengthens governance and accountability by requiring executive management (notably the CEO and CFO) to certify the correctness of financial statements and by mandating stronger internal controls over financial reporting. From a digital forensics and compliance perspective, SOX is closely tied to the need for reliableaudit trails, properrecords retention, and demonstrable control over systems that store or process financial data. Investigators frequently rely on SOX- driven logging, access controls, and change management records to determine who accessed financial systems, what changes were made, and whether those actions align with authorized procedures.
The other options do not match the question's purpose or jurisdiction: theElectronic Communications Privacy Actaddresses interception and access to electronic communications,GDPRis an EU data protection regulation (not a 2002 U.S. act focused on investor protection), and "Information Privacy Act 2014" is not the 2002 U.S.
corporate anti-fraud legislation. Therefore, the correct answer isSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) (C).
問題 #60
Below are the elements included in the order of volatility for a typical computing system as per the RFC 3227 guidelines for evidence collection and archiving.
Archival media
Remote logging and monitoring data related to the target system
Routing table, process table, kernel statistics, and memory
Registers and processor cache
Physical configuration and network topology
Disk or other storage media
Temporary system files
Identify the correct sequence of order of volatility from the most to least volatile for a typical system.
答案：A
解題說明：
RFC 3227's "order of volatility" principle guides responders to collect themost perishableevidence first because some data can disappear immediately when power is lost, processes terminate, or the system state changes during response actions. The most volatile items areCPU registers and processor cache (4)because they change continuously at instruction speed and are lost instantly on shutdown or context switching. Next arerouting table, process table, kernel statistics, and memory (3)because live RAM contents and active system tables can change within seconds and are lost if the machine is powered off or rebooted.
After volatile memory,temporary system files (7)are collected because they are frequently overwritten or cleaned by the OS, users, or malware. Then comesdisk or other storage media (6)which is more persistent but still subject to modification, log rotation, and overwriting through normal activity; hence imaging should occur before extensive interaction.
Less volatile still areremote logging and monitoring data (2)since they may persist off-host, but can be rotated or altered by retention policies.Physical configuration and network topology (5)generally changes less frequently and can often be re-documented later. Finally,archival media (1)is the least volatile because it is typically write-once or preserved storage. Thus the correct sequence is4#3#7#6#2#5#1 (Option B).
問題 #61
Below is an extracted Apache error log entry.
"[Wed Aug 28 13:35:38.878945 2020] [core:error] [pid 12356:tid 8689896234] [client 10.0.0.8] File not found: /images/folder/pic.jpg" Identify the element in the Apache error log entry above that represents the IP address from which the request was made.
答案：B
解題說明：
Apache error logs record key metadata about server-side events in a structured format that is widely used in web attack investigations. In the provided entry, each bracketed field represents a specific attribute: the first bracket contains the timestamp, the next contains the module and severity (e.g.,core:error), then the process
/thread identifiers (pidandtid), followed by the client identifier. The client field is explicitly labeled[client ...], and it captures thesource IP address(or sometimes hostname) that initiated the HTTP request which resulted in the logged error.
Here,[client 10.0.0.8]indicates that the request originated from IP address10.0.0.8. This is the critical element investigators use to attribute suspicious activity (such as probing for missing files, scanning directories, or exploitation attempts) to a specific network source. The other values are not the client IP:13:35:38.878945is the time component of the timestamp,12356is the Apache process ID, and8689896234is the thread ID handling the request. Therefore, the IP address from which the request was made is10.0.0.8 (C).
問題 #62
Kelly, a professional hacker, used her laptop to perform illegal cyber activities for monetary gain on many victims. She securely locked her laptop using BitLocker software. Using this tool, she locked an entire volume using a secret key to deny access to the system.
Identify the anti-forensic technique used by Don in the above scenario.
答案：C
解題說明：
The scenario describes the use ofBitLockerto lock an entire disk volume with asecret key, preventing access to the contents. In digital forensics, this is a classic example ofencryption as an anti-forensics technique. Full- disk or full-volume encryption transforms readable data into ciphertext using cryptographic algorithms so that, without the correct key (password, recovery key, TPM-bound protector, etc.), the data is computationally infeasible to interpret. This directly obstructs evidence acquisition and analysis because a forensic image of the drive will largely contain encrypted blocks rather than interpretable file system structures and user data.
This differs from the other options:file carvingis a forensic recovery method (often used by investigators) that reconstructs files from unallocated space; it is not an anti-forensics method used to block access.Artifact wipingattempts to erase traces by deleting or overwriting files, logs, or free space, but it does not inherently prevent access to remaining data if wiping is incomplete.Trail obfuscationinvolves misleading or altering logs and traces to confuse investigators, whereas encryption primarilydenies content visibilityby design. Because BitLocker is explicitly a volume encryption mechanism used here to deny access, the correct anti-forensic technique isEncryption (D).
問題 #63
Given below is a regex signature used by security professionals for detecting an XSS attack:
/((%3C)|<)[
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