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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Historical evolution and modern applications - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
| Topic 2: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction |
| Topic 3: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Principles and operation |
| Topic 4: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities |
| Topic 5: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - HMAC construction and application - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function |
| Topic 6: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Digital signatures: purpose and process - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman |
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NEW QUESTION # 33
(How does a Caesar cipher operate in the encryption of messages?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
A Caesar cipher is a classic monoalphabetic substitution cipher where each plaintext letter is replaced by a letter a fixed number of positions away in the alphabet. For example, with a shift of 3, A becomes D, B becomes E, and so on, wrapping around at the end (X#A, Y#B, Z#C). This "fixed shift" is the entire key: both sender and receiver must know the shift value to encrypt and decrypt. Decryption simply shifts letters back by the same amount. The Caesar cipher illustrates foundational cryptographic ideas: key-based transformation, reversible mapping, and the importance of key space size. Because the key space is tiny (only 25 meaningful shifts in the Latin alphabet), it is easily broken by brute force. It is also vulnerable to frequency analysis because letter frequency patterns in the ciphertext resemble those of the plaintext, just relabeled. While historically important for introducing substitution concepts, it provides no meaningful security by modern standards. The defining operation is the fixed positional shift, which directly matches option D.
NEW QUESTION # 34
(Which of the following best describes lightweight cryptography?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Lightweight cryptography refers to cryptographic primitives and profiles engineered for environments where computational resources are constrained-limited CPU, memory, power, bandwidth, and code size-while still requiring robust security. Typical targets include IoT sensors, embedded controllers, smart cards, RFID, wearables, and many mobile or edge deployments. The design goals emphasize efficiency (low energy consumption, small silicon area for hardware, small firmware footprint) and practical performance under constraints, often while providing modern security properties like authenticated encryption (confidentiality + integrity) and secure hashing. Lightweight cryptography is not simply "stronger encryption"; it balances security with implementability in constrained systems. It is also not restricted to military settings and is not inherently outdated-many lightweight designs are modern and motivated by the rapid growth of IoT and pervasive computing. Because constrained devices are common entry points for attackers, having secure primitives that fit those devices is a critical part of contemporary security architecture. Therefore, the best description is cryptographic algorithms designed for resource-constrained environments.
NEW QUESTION # 35
(How are limits managed for the number of bitcoins that can be created and stored in a blockchain?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Bitcoin's supply is controlled by protocol rules enforced by consensus: new bitcoins enter circulation through the block subsidy awarded to miners for producing valid blocks. This subsidy is programmed to halve at fixed intervals (every 210,000 blocks), which steadily reduces the rate of new coin creation over time and asymptotically approaches a capped total supply (commonly cited as 21 million BTC).
This mechanism is often called the halving schedule and is the primary way limits are managed. The number of participants is not fixed; anyone can run a node or mine. There is no per-country cap and no per-person maximum enforced by the protocol-addresses and ownership are not limited that way. The supply cap emerges from the decreasing issuance schedule combined with consensus validation rules that reject blocks creating coins beyond what the schedule allows. Therefore, the correct answer is that limits are managed because rewards for mining reduce over time.
NEW QUESTION # 36
(What is the correlation between the number of rounds and the key length used in the AES algorithm?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
In AES, the number of rounds is explicitly tied to the key length. AES-128 uses 10 rounds, AES-192 uses 12 rounds, and AES-256 uses 14 rounds. The purpose of additional rounds is to increase diffusion and confusion, strengthening resistance against cryptanalysis as the key schedule and state transformations iterate more times. Although key length primarily affects brute-force resistance, AES's designers and standardization parameters link longer keys with more rounds to maintain security margins across variants, especially considering differences in the key schedule structure. Thus, as key length increases from 128 to 192 to 256 bits, the number of rounds increases correspondingly from 10 to
12 to 14. This relationship is fixed by the AES specification and does not vary dynamically at runtime.
Therefore, the correct correlation is that the number of rounds increases as the key length increases.
NEW QUESTION # 37
(Which type of exploit involves looking for different inputs that generate the same hash?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
A birthday attack targets hash functions by exploiting the birthday paradox: collisions (two different inputs producing the same hash output) can be found much faster than brute-forcing a specific preimage. For an n-bit hash, the expected work to findanycollision is on the order of 2
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