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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Applied Cryptography | - VPN Security - Cryptographic Best Practices - SSL/TLS Protocols - PGP and Email Encryption |
| Topic 2: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) - Digital Signature Standards |
| Topic 3: Asymmetric Cryptography | - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - RSA Algorithm - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Cryptography | - Stream Ciphers - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Key Management - Initialization Vectors (IV) |
| Topic 5: Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption - Cryptographic Terminology |
| Topic 6: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Social Engineering Prevention - Common Attack Vectors - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks |
>> Introduction-to-Cryptography復習解答例 <<
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質問 # 91
(What is a digital signature?)
正解：B
解説：
A digital signature is a cryptographic mechanism that enables a recipient to verify who created a message (authenticity) and that the message has not been altered (integrity). It is typically built using asymmetric cryptography: the signer uses a private key to sign a hash (digest) of the message, producing a signature.
Anyone with the signer's public key can verify that the signature matches the message digest, confirming the signature was created by the corresponding private key and that the content remains unchanged. Digital signatures do not primarily provide confidentiality; the signed message may still be readable unless separately encrypted. They also support nonrepudiation in many operational contexts because a valid signature can be strong evidence that the private key holder authorized the signed data, assuming key protection and policy controls. Common digital signature algorithms include RSA-PSS, ECDSA, and EdDSA. Certificates (X.509) are often used to bind public keys to identities, allowing verifiers to trust the claimed signer. Therefore, the best definition is a technique to verify authenticity and integrity.
質問 # 92
(Which operation can be performed on a certificate during the "Issued" stage?)
正解：C
解説：
The "Issued" stage in a certificate lifecycle indicates that the certificate has been generated and signed by the issuing CA and is now valid for use (subject to validity dates, policy constraints, and revocation status). At this point, the operational focus shifts from creating the certificate to making it available to the subject and relying parties. "Distribution" is the lifecycle activity most directly associated with an issued certificate: installing it on servers or endpoints, provisioning it into keystores, publishing it to directories if required, and ensuring the chain (intermediates) is accessible for validation. By contrast,
"Creation" is earlier in the process (key generation, CSR creation, identity validation, issuance
/signing). "Key recovery" and "key archiving" relate to private key management and escrow policies (often for encryption keys, not signing keys), and are governed by organizational policy and key management systems rather than the certificate's issued state itself. A certificate can be distributed after issuance regardless of whether any key escrow features exist. Therefore, the operation that fits the certificate's "Issued" stage best is distribution of the issued credential for operational use.
質問 # 93
(Which is an example of asymmetric encryption?)
正解：B
解説：
Asymmetric cryptography uses a public/private key pair where different keys are used for related operations (encryption/decryption or signature/verification). Elliptic-Curve Cryptography (ECC) is a family of asymmetric algorithms built on the mathematics of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC supports key exchange (ECDH), digital signatures (ECDSA/EdDSA), and other primitives with smaller key sizes for comparable security to traditional discrete-log or RSA systems (e.g., a 256-bit ECC key is often comparable in security to a 3072-bit RSA key, depending on scheme and parameters). By contrast, SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function (one-way digest), and HMAC is a keyed integrity/authentication construction built from a hash function-neither is encryption. DES is a symmetric block cipher (same key for encryption and decryption). Therefore, the example of asymmetric encryption among the options is ECC.
質問 # 94
(Which of the following is an example of a software encryption solution for disk storage?)
正解：A
解説：
Disk/storage encryption protects data at rest by encrypting the contents of a drive so it remains unreadable without the correct authentication and keys. BitLocker (commonly on Windows) and FileVault (commonly on macOS) are well-known software-based full-disk encryption solutions integrated into their operating systems.
They encrypt sectors on disk and typically tie key protection to user credentials and, where available, hardware features such as a TPM or secure enclave to reduce key extraction risk. A VPN encrypts network traffic in transit, not disk storage. An HSM is specialized hardware used to generate, store, and protect cryptographic keys and perform crypto operations; it is not a disk encryption product itself. USB encryption hardware refers to hardware-encrypted removable media, not a software solution for a system disk. Therefore, the correct example of a software encryption solution for disk storage is BitLocker and FileVault.
質問 # 95
(What is used to randomize the initial value when generating Initialization Vectors (IVs)?)
正解：D
解説：
An IV (Initialization Vector) is a value used to ensure that encrypting identical plaintext under the same key produces different ciphertexts, preventing pattern leakage. In many secure designs, the IV must be unique (and often unpredictable) per encryption operation. A common way to ensure uniqueness is to incorporate a nonce-a "number used once." A nonce can be random, pseudo-random, or a counter-based value depending on the mode and security requirements. For example, CTR mode uses a nonce combined with a counter to produce unique input blocks; GCM uses a nonce/IV to ensure unique authentication and encryption behavior.
The encryption key should remain stable across many operations and should not be used as the "randomizer" for IV generation; mixing key material into IV creation in an ad hoc way can create reuse or correlation issues. Plaintext and algorithm do not provide the needed uniqueness property. The nonce concept is specifically about ensuring one-time uniqueness of the starting value so that IV reuse does not repeat keystream blocks (stream modes) or reveal plaintext equality (CBC/CTR). Therefore, the correct choice is Nonce.
質問 # 96
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Introduction-to-Cryptography試験の参考資料のユーザーは、専門家、学生、高度な文化の学生など、幅広い分野をカバーしています。これは、Introduction-to-Cryptography学習教材の言語形式が理解しやすいためです。どんな情報を勉強しても、初心者であることやデータを読んでいないことを心配する必要はありません。そして、Introduction-to-Cryptographyテストの質問は多くの専門家によって準備されています。 Introduction-to-Cryptography学習ガイドの内容は、すべてのレベルの候補者にとって非常に簡単に理解できます。
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