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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Risk treatment, risk recording and reporting | 20% | |
| Topic 2: Establishment of the risk management framework | 17.5% | |
| Topic 3: Risk monitoring, review, communication, and consultation | 16.25% | |
| Topic 4: Fundamental principles and concepts of risk management | 15% | |
| Topic 5: Initiation of the risk management process and risk assessment | 31.25% |
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問題 #70
What is the difference between monitoring and review in risk management?
答案：A
解題說明：
The correct answer is C. ISO 31000 clearly distinguishes between monitoring and review, even though they are closely related and often conducted together.
According to ISO 31000, monitoring is a continual activity focused on checking, supervising, observing, or critically determining the status of risks, controls, and the risk management process. Monitoring helps identify changes in risk levels, emerging risks, or deviations from expected performance in real time or near real time. Examples include tracking key risk indicators, control performance, or incident trends.
In contrast, review is a periodic or event-driven activity aimed at evaluating the suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness of the risk management framework, process, and controls in relation to objectives and context. Reviews assess whether risk management arrangements remain appropriate given changes in internal or external environments, strategy, or stakeholder expectations.
Option A is incorrect because ISO 31000 does not divide monitoring and review along regulatory versus contractual lines. Option B is incorrect because monitoring is not limited to strategic alignment, nor is review limited to daily supervision. Option D contradicts ISO 31000, which explicitly differentiates the two concepts.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, understanding this distinction is essential for effective governance. Monitoring provides early detection, while review supports learning, improvement, and strategic alignment. Therefore, the correct answer is monitoring is continual checking, while review evaluates suitability, adequacy, and effectiveness.
問題 #71
Scenario 4:
Headquartered in Barcelona, Spain, Solenco Energy is a renewable energy provider that operates several solar and wind farms across southern Europe. After experiencing periodic equipment failures and supplier delays that affected energy output, the company initiated a risk assessment in line with ISO 31000 to ensure organizational resilience, minimize disruptions, and support long-term performance.
A cross-functional risk team was assembled, including representatives from engineering, finance, operations, and logistics. The team began a structured and systematic review of the energy production process to identify potential deviations from intended operating conditions and assess their possible causes and consequences. Using guided discussions with prompts such as "too high," "too low," or "other than expected," they explored how variations in system behavior could lead to operational disruptions or safety risks.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
In Scenario 4, the team conducted a structured, systematic review of the energy production process to identify potential deviations from intended operating conditions and evaluate their possible causes and consequences. Which risk identification technique did they use?
答案：B
解題說明：
The correct answer is B. Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) process. HAZOP is a structured and systematic risk identification technique that uses guide words such as "too high," "too low," "more," "less," or "other than expected" to identify deviations from intended operating conditions and analyze their causes and consequences.
In Scenario 4, the team explicitly used guided discussions with prompts like "too high," "too low," and "other than expected," which directly corresponds to the HAZOP methodology. This technique is commonly used in engineering, energy, and process industries to identify operational hazards and performance deviations.
Scenario analysis explores plausible future situations rather than deviations in current processes. Human Reliability Analysis focuses on human error probabilities, which was not the primary focus here. The Delphi technique involves iterative expert surveys rather than structured deviation analysis.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, selecting appropriate risk identification techniques based on context and industry is critical. HAZOP is well suited for complex technical systems like energy production processes. Therefore, the correct answer is Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) process.
問題 #72
According to ISO 31000, what is the purpose of risk management?
答案：C
解題說明：
The correct answer is A. To create and protect value. ISO 31000:2018 explicitly states that the purpose of risk management is the creation and protection of value. This principle is foundational and underpins all other aspects of the risk management framework and process. According to ISO 31000, risk management improves performance, encourages innovation, and supports the achievement of objectives by addressing uncertainty in a structured and informed manner.
ISO 31000 does not define risk management as a mechanism to eliminate all risks. On the contrary, it recognizes that risk-taking is often necessary to pursue opportunities and create value. Attempting to eliminate all risks would be impractical and could hinder innovation, strategic growth, and operational effectiveness. Therefore, option B is incorrect.
Similarly, while compliance with legal and regulatory requirements is an important consideration within risk management, ISO 31000 clearly emphasizes that compliance is not the sole purpose of risk management. Risk management applies to all types of objectives-strategic, operational, financial, reputational, environmental, and social-and goes beyond regulatory compliance alone. Hence, option C is incomplete and incorrect.
ISO 31000 also acknowledges that uncertainty is inherent in organizational activities and decision-making. Risk management does not aim to remove uncertainty, but rather to understand, assess, and manage it in a way that supports informed decisions. Therefore, option D is incorrect.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, understanding that the ultimate purpose of risk management is value creation and protection is essential. This principle ensures that risk management is integrated into governance, strategy, and operations, supporting sustainable success rather than acting as a purely defensive or compliance-driven function.
問題 #73
Scenario 4:
Headquartered in Barcelona, Spain, Solenco Energy is a renewable energy provider that operates several solar and wind farms across southern Europe. After experiencing periodic equipment failures and supplier delays that affected energy output, the company initiated a risk assessment in line with ISO 31000 to ensure organizational resilience, minimize disruptions, and support long-term performance.
A cross-functional risk team was assembled, including representatives from engineering, finance, operations, and logistics. The team began a structured and systematic review of the energy production process to identify potential deviations from intended operating conditions and assess their possible causes and consequences. Using guided discussions with prompts such as "too high," "too low," or "other than expected," they explored how variations in system behavior could lead to operational disruptions or safety risks.
One risk identified was the failure of the main power inverter system at one of the company's key solar facilities-a single point of failure with high production dependence. To better understand this risk, the team used a structured visual technique that mapped the causes leading up to the inverter failure on one side and the potential consequences on the other. It also illustrated the controls that could prevent or mitigate both sides.
During discussions, several team members were inclined to focus on positive evidence supporting the belief that the inverter was reliable, while giving less consideration to contradictory data from maintenance reports. Differing viewpoints were not immediately discussed, as many participants felt more confident agreeing with the general group view that the likelihood of failure was low. It was only after a detailed review of supplier reports that the team revisited their assumptions and adjusted the analysis accordingly.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
According to Scenario 4, during the team's risk discussions at Solenco, most members agreed with the general group opinion and were less willing to consider contradictory maintenance dat a. Which type of risk analysis bias is most likely affecting the team?
答案：D
解題說明：
The correct answer is B. Groupthink bias. Groupthink occurs when the desire for harmony or conformity within a group leads members to suppress dissenting opinions, ignore contradictory evidence, and prematurely reach consensus. ISO 31000 emphasizes that risk management should be inclusive, transparent, and based on diverse perspectives to avoid distorted risk judgments.
In Scenario 4, team members preferred agreeing with the general group view that the inverter was reliable, despite contradictory maintenance data. Differing viewpoints were not immediately discussed, which is a hallmark of groupthink. This bias can lead to underestimation of risk likelihood and severity, weakening the effectiveness of risk analysis.
Conformity bias is related but focuses more narrowly on individual alignment with majority views, whereas groupthink reflects a broader group dynamic that discourages critical evaluation. Social loafing refers to reduced individual effort in group settings, which was not described.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, recognizing and mitigating cognitive and social biases is essential to ensure objective and reliable risk assessment. Encouraging challenge, structured debate, and evidence-based discussion helps counter groupthink. Therefore, the correct answer is groupthink bias.
問題 #74
Which of the following is an example of an internal stakeholder?
答案：B
解題說明：
The correct answer is C. Managers reporting and escalating risks within the organization. ISO 31000 defines stakeholders as persons or organizations that can affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by a decision or activity. Stakeholders can be internal or external, depending on their relationship with the organization.
Internal stakeholders are individuals or groups within the organization, such as employees, managers, executives, and internal committees. In the scenario provided, managers who report and escalate risks are clearly internal stakeholders, as they are directly involved in organizational processes and decision-making.
Option A, shareholders, are typically considered external stakeholders, as they are not involved in daily operations, even though they have a strong interest in performance. Option B, customers, are also external stakeholders concerned with outputs rather than internal processes. Option D, regulators, are external stakeholders representing legal and regulatory interests.
ISO 31000 emphasizes the importance of inclusiveness, requiring organizations to involve both internal and external stakeholders appropriately. Internal stakeholders play a critical role in risk identification, analysis, reporting, and treatment because of their proximity to operations and decision-making.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, correctly identifying internal stakeholders supports effective communication, accountability, and integration of risk management into everyday activities.
問題 #75
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P.S. VCESoft在Google Drive上分享了免費的、最新的ISO-31000-Lead-Risk-Manager考試題庫：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xcrHSHjeJw8EKArWlnN8bZxwGmHwhKqk