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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Module 1: Computer Forensics in Today's World | 5% | - Cybercrimes and Legalities - Fundamentals of Computer Forensics - Forensic Readiness and Professional Conduct |
| Topic 2: Module 6: Operating System Forensics | 15% | - Linux Forensics - System Artifacts Analysis - Mac OS Forensics - Windows Forensics |
| Topic 3: Module 4: Data Acquisition and Duplication | 15% | - Validation and Verification - Acquisition Best Practices - Data Acquisition Fundamentals - Acquisition Methods and Tools |
| Topic 4: Module 3: Understanding Hard Disks and File Systems | 15% | - File System Analysis - Disk Partitions and Boot Process - Hard Disk Drive Basics - File Systems (FAT, NTFS, ext2/3/4) |
| Topic 5: Module 9: Database Forensics | 5% | - Database Fundamentals - Database Forensics Process - Log Analysis and Recovery |
| Topic 6: Module 10: Cloud Forensics | 5% | - Cloud Forensics Challenges - Cloud Evidence Collection - Cloud Computing Fundamentals |
| Topic 7: Module 11: Malware Forensics | 5% | - Malware Detection and Removal - Static and Dynamic Analysis - Malware Analysis Fundamentals |
| Topic 8: Module 2: Computer Forensics Investigation Process | 10% | - Post-Investigation Process - Investigation Phase - Pre-Investigation Phase - Investigation Process Overview |
| Topic 9: Module 5: Defeating Anti-Forensic Techniques | 10% | - Steganography Detection - Data Deletion and Encryption - Artifact Wiping and Countermeasures - Anti-Forensics Overview |
| Topic 10: Module 8: Investigating Web-Based Attacks | 5% | - Browser Forensics - Web Application Forensics - Tracking Web Attacks |
| Topic 11: Module 7: Network Forensics | 10% | - Network Forensics Fundamentals - Network Traffic Analysis - Log Analysis - Incident Detection and Response |
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49. Frage
Which of the following techniques is defined as the art of hiding data "behind" other data without the target's knowledge, thereby hiding the existence of the message itself?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Steganographyis the technique of concealing a messagewithin another seemingly harmless carrier(such as an image, audio file, video, or document) so that theexistence of the hidden message is not apparentto an observer. Digital forensics references distinguish steganography from encryption: encryption scrambles content but usually leaves visible indicators that protected data exists (ciphertext), while steganography aims to make the communication look ordinary, reducing suspicion. In practice, steganographic methods often embed data into redundant or less perceptible parts of the carrier, such as modifying least significant bits in pixel values, altering frequency components in audio, or inserting data into metadata or unused file structures.
The other options do not match the definition.Password crackingis an access technique to recover authentication secrets, not a concealment method.Artifact wipingis an anti-forensics method intended to remove traces (logs, files, slack space remnants), but it does not "hide behind" other data-it destroys or overwrites evidence.Program packerscompress/obfuscate executables to hinder static analysis and detection, but they still produce an executable whose presence is evident; they do not primarily hide messages inside benign files. Therefore, the described "hiding the existence of the message itself" corresponds toSteganography (C).
50. Frage
Below are the various steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Keep an incident response team ready to review the incident and preserve the evidence.
Create a process for documenting the procedure.
Identify the potential evidence required for an incident.
Determine the sources of evidence.
Establish a legal advisory board to guide the investigation process.
Identify if the incident requires full or formal investigation.
Establish a policy for securely handling and storing the collected evidence.
Define a policy that determines the pathway to legally extract electronic evidence with minimal disruption.
Identify the correct sequence of steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Forensic readiness planning focuses on ensuring an organization canlegally, efficiently, and reliablycollect usable digital evidence before an incident occurs. The planning sequence typically begins by definingwhat evidence would be neededto support likely incidents (3) and then mappingwhere that evidence residesacross systems, services, logs, endpoints, and network components (4). Once evidence needs and sources are known, readiness requires alegally compliant extraction pathwaythat minimizes business disruption and prevents evidence contamination (8). After defining extraction, an organization must formalizesecure handling and storage policies(chain of custody, access control, retention, integrity protection) so collected evidence remains admissible and trustworthy (7).
With those foundations in place, the organization can define decision criteria forwhen an event becomes a formal investigationand triggers deeper forensic procedures (6). A structureddocumentation processis then set so actions taken during acquisition and analysis are repeatable and defensible (2). Governance is reinforced by establishinglegal oversight/advisory supportto ensure compliance with jurisdictional requirements and internal policy (5). Finally, the plan is operationalized by ensuring anincident response team is preparedto preserve evidence promptly when incidents occur (1). Hence,3#4#8#7#6#2#5#1is the correct sequence.
51. Frage
David, a cybercriminal, targeted a community and initiated anti-social campaigns online. In this process, he used a layer of the web that allowed him to maintain anonymity during the campaign.
Which of the following layers of the web allowed David to hide his presence during the anti-social campaign?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
The layer of the web most associated withmaintaining anonymityfor users and services is theDark Web. In digital forensics terminology, the Dark Web refers to services hosted on overlay networks (such as Tor hidden services) that arenot indexed by standard search enginesand are typically accessible only through specialized software and configurations. Its core characteristic is that it is deliberately designed to reduce traceability by routing traffic through multiple relays and separating identifying information (like the user's real IP address) from the destination. This makes attribution and geolocation significantly harder using traditional network logs alone, which is why adversaries often choose it to conduct covert communications, host content, or coordinate campaigns.
By contrast, theSurface Web(the regular, indexed portion of the web) is generally reachable through normal browsers and is easier to monitor and attribute using conventional ISP, server, and platform logs. "World Wide Web" is a general term for web content accessed via HTTP/HTTPS and does not specifically imply anonymity. TheDeep Webrefers to content not indexed by search engines (e.g., webmail, databases, authenticated portals), but it is not inherently anonymizing-many deep web resources are simply private or access-controlled. Therefore, the layer enabling David to hide his presence is theDark Web (C).
52. Frage
Given below is a regex signature used by security professionals for detecting an XSS attack:
/((%3C)|<)[
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