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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Time Value of Money | - Present and Future Value
|
| Financial Statement Analysis | - Ratio Analysis
|
| Financial Management Concepts | - Financial Environment
|
| Capital Budgeting | - Decision Criteria
|
| Working Capital Management | - Current Liabilities Management
|
| Cost of Capital and Capital Structure | - Leverage and Capital Structure
|
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質問 # 50
A start-up company's lender is concerned that the company may not be able to meet its financial obligations.
It asks the company to provide it with information regarding its current assets and current liabilities.
Which information would the start-up company need to provide to the lender?
正解：B
解説：
Current liabilities are obligations that a firm must settle within one operating cycle or one year, whichever is longer. When a lender evaluates a firm's short-term financial health, the primary concern is liquidity-whether the firm has sufficient short-term resources to meet near-term obligations as they come due. Examples of current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term loans, accrued expenses, and current portions of long-term debt. This information allows lenders to compute liquidity ratios such as the current ratio and quick ratio, which measure the firm's ability to cover short-term obligations with current assets. Long-term investments, long-term debt, and depreciation relate more to long-term solvency and accounting allocation rather than immediate cash requirements. Because the lender is specifically concerned about the company's ability to meetfinancial obligations in the near term, obligations requiring cash within the next year are the most relevant. Thus, option B accurately reflects the definition and purpose of current liabilities in financial statement analysis.
質問 # 51
A stock has a dividend per share of $5 and is expected to grow at a constant rate of 3% indefinitely. The required rate of return is 9%.
What is the value of the stock?
正解：C
解説：
This question applies the Gordon growth (constant growth dividend discount) model, which values a stock as the present value of an infinite stream of dividends growing at a constant rate. The model assumes that dividends grow steadily and that the required rate of return exceeds the growth rate, ensuring a finite value. The formula is:
Stock Value = D# ÷ (r # g),
where D# is the dividend expected next year, r is the required rate of return, and g is the growth rate. If the current dividend is $5, the next dividend equals $5 × (1 + 0.03) = $5.15. Substituting into the formula gives:
$5.15 ÷ (0.09 # 0.03) = $5.15 ÷ 0.06 = $85.83.
This valuation approach is commonly used for mature firms with stable dividend policies and predictable growth. Financial managers and analysts rely on this model to estimate intrinsic stock value and assess whether a stock is overvalued or undervalued relative to its market price.
質問 # 52
Which type of security has voting rights associated with it?
正解：B
解説：
Voting rights are a defining characteristic of common stock and represent ownership and control in a corporation. Holders of common stock typically have the right to vote on key corporate matters such as electing the board of directors, approving major mergers or acquisitions, and authorizing significant changes to corporate governance. These rights align with the role of shareholders as residual claimants, meaning they receive what is left after all other obligations-such as debt and preferred dividends-are met. Preferred stockholders usually do not have voting rights under normal conditions, as preferred stock is structured to resemble a hybrid between debt and equity, emphasizing fixed dividend payments rather than control. Bondholders and holders of convertible notes are creditors, not owners, and therefore have no voting power in corporate decisions. From a financial management perspective, voting rights are a key factor in ownership structure, agency relationships, and corporate governance.
Option D correctly identifies common stock as the security that carries voting rights.
質問 # 53
Use Whole Pine Inc.'s financial statements for 20X3 below to answer the following question.
What is Whole Pine Inc.'squick ratiofor 20X3?
正解：D
解説：
The quick ratio, also known as the acid-test ratio, measures a firm's ability to meet short-term obligations using its most liquid assets. It is calculated as:
(Cash + Accounts Receivable + Marketable Securities) ÷ Current Liabilities.
For Whole Pine Inc., quick assets include cash of $2,000 and accounts receivable of $500, totaling
$2,500. Inventory is excluded because it is less liquid and may not be easily converted into cash.
Current liabilities consist of accounts payable of $1,000. Dividing $2,500 by $1,000 yields a quick ratio of 2.50. This indicates that the firm has $2.50 in highly liquid assets for every $1.00 of short-term obligations, suggesting strong short-term liquidity. Option C correctly reflects this calculation and interpretation.
質問 # 54
How does the use of historical returns to estimate the cost of common equity differ from the Gordon growth model?
正解：B
解説：
The historical-return approach differs from the Gordon growth model because it is based primarily on past stock performance rather than on expected future dividends and growth. Under the historical-return method, analysts estimate the cost of common equity by examining the returns investors earned on the firm's stock over prior periods. The Gordon growth model, by contrast, is a forward-looking dividend-based approach that estimates the cost of equity as the expected dividend yield plus the constant growth rate of dividends. Choice D is correct because it captures the defining feature of the historical-return method. Choice B and choice C describe the Gordon growth model rather than the historical-return approach. Choice A is more closely associated with CAPM, which uses market risk and beta. Financial management often uses multiple methods to estimate the cost of equity because each approach has limitations. Historical returns can be useful as a reference point, but they may not reflect current risk or investor expectations. The Gordon growth model can be useful for stable dividend-paying firms, but it is less suitable for firms without predictable dividends.
Therefore, D correctly explains the main difference between these two valuation methods.
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質問 # 55
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