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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Computer Architecture & Organization | 15% | - Memory hierarchy and performance - CPU, memory, I/O systems - Von Neumann architecture - Instruction sets and execution cycles |
| Discrete Mathematics & Logic | 25% | - Set theory, relations, functions - Boolean algebra and digital logic - Propositional and predicate logic - Proof techniques and mathematical induction |
| Software Engineering & Programming Basics | 15% | - Basic syntax and control structures - Software development lifecycle - Programming paradigms - Testing and debugging fundamentals |
| Algorithms & Complexity | 25% | - Recursion and iterative structures - Sorting and searching algorithms - Big O notation, time and space complexity - Algorithm design and analysis |
| Data Structures | 20% | - Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues - Trees, graphs, hash tables - Primitive and composite data types - Data storage and retrieval principles |
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質問 # 25
Which protocol provides encryption while email messages are in transit?
正解：D
解説：
"Encryption in transit" means protecting data while it moves across a network so that eavesdroppers cannot read or modify it. For email systems, this protection is most commonly provided byTLS (Transport Layer Security). TLS is a cryptographic protocol that can wrap application protocols (including mail protocols) to provide confidentiality, integrity, and server (and sometimes client) authentication. In practice, TLS is used to secure connections such as SMTP submission (often with STARTTLS or implicit TLS), IMAP over TLS, and POP3 over TLS. Textbooks present TLS as the standard successor to SSL and the foundation of secure communication on the modern Internet.
The other options are not correct in this context. FTP is a file transfer protocol and is traditionally unencrypted unless paired with additional security mechanisms (e.g., FTPS, which uses TLS, or SFTP, which uses SSH). HTTP is a web protocol; it becomes encrypted only when used as HTTPS, which again relies on TLS underneath. IMAP is an email retrieval protocol, butIMAP itself is not the encryption protocol- IMAP can be run over TLS (IMAPS) to become secure.
Therefore, the protocol that provides encryption while email messages (or email protocol traffic) are in transit is TLS.
質問 # 26
What is the expected result of running the following code: list1[0] = "California"?
正解：B
解説：
Python lists are mutable sequences, which means elements can be changed in place after the list has been created. The expression list1[0] = "California" uses indexing to target the element at position 0 (the first element, because Python uses zero-based indexing) and assignment (=) to replace that element with a new value. As a result, the list keeps the same length, but its first entry becomes "California".
This operation does not create a new list (so option A is incorrect); it modifies the existing list object referenced by list1. It also does not append to the end of the list (so option C is incorrect). Appending would use methods like list1.append("California"). Option D is not meaningful in Python list semantics; assignment to a single index replaces exactly one element rather than "adding a second element to the line." Textbooks highlight this difference between mutable and immutable sequence types. For example, strings are immutable, so you cannot assign to some_string[0]. Lists, however, are designed for collections that change over time, supporting updates, insertions, deletions, and reordering. Index assignment is fundamental for many algorithms: updating an array-like buffer, modifying a dataset row, replacing incorrect values, or implementing in-place transformations efficiently.
質問 # 27
What is the time complexity of a quicksort algorithm?
正解：D
解説：
Quicksort is a divide-and-conquer sorting algorithm. It works by selecting a pivot element, partitioning the array into two subarrays (elements less than the pivot and elements greater than the pivot), and then recursively sorting those subarrays. In the average case, the partition step splits the array into roughly equal halves, so the recurrence is commonly written as (T(n) = T(n/2) + T(n/2) + O(n)), where (O(n)) is the cost of partitioning. This solves to (O(n \log n)), which is why quicksort is widely taught as an efficient general- purpose sorting method.
However, textbooks also emphasize that quicksort has a worst-case time complexity of (O(n