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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Transparent traffic encryption |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
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NEW QUESTION # 50
After enabling Layer 7 visibility, you can now observe DNS domains and FQDN in your Hubble logs, like the one below.
Nov 16 13:52:07.279: endor/xwing-9bd8f454d-m46mm:34706 (ID:3817) < > example.com:443 (ID:
16777217) Policy denied DROPPED (TCP Flags SYN)
Which of these Hubble CLI commands could have returned the output above?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A is clearly the intended answer because its filters correspond to the displayed source namespace ( endor ), destination port ( 443 ), and verdict ( DROPPED ). However, it contains example.con , whereas the observed flow names example.com . Therefore, none of the options would literally return this exact flow if the FQDN filter is matched as written. The corrected command is:
hubble observe --to-fqdn example.com --from-namespace endor --to-port 443 --verdict DROPPED Option B is malformed in two additional places and filters port 80 rather than 443. Option C selects the wrong FQDN and source namespace. Option D requests forwarded flows, directly contradicting the Policy denied DROPPED verdict; its wildcard also does not repair the verdict mismatch.
Hubble's observe filters are cumulative: a returned flow must satisfy the specified destination FQDN, originating namespace, destination port, and verdict. Layer 7 visibility is enabled with a Cilium network policy containing the relevant L7 rules, which redirects selected traffic through the proxy so that application- level details can be reported.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the Hubble CLI , Layer 7 Protocol Visibility Study Guide topic: Hubble flow filtering, FQDN visibility, namespaces, ports, and verdicts.
NEW QUESTION # 51
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 52
Review the Cilium Network Policy in the YAML file.
It was deployed in the ns-cca namespace on cluster1
Cluster Mesh CiliumNetworkPolicy exhibit
Which statement Is correct?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy's endpointSelector selects the ship workload in the namespace containing the CiliumNetworkPolicy , which is ns-cca . It also explicitly includes io.cilium.k8s.policy.cluster: cluster1 , confirming that the selected source endpoint belongs to cluster1.
The egress rule authorizes communication to an endpoint carrying name: base and the cluster label io.cilium.
k8s.policy.cluster: cluster2 . Because the namespaced policy does not specify a different destination namespace through k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace , the intended destination is the corresponding base workload in ns-cca on cluster2. Therefore, A matches the policy.
Options C and D incorrectly describe the rule as a deny rule. Cilium policy rules use an allow-list model unless an explicit egressDeny or ingressDeny section is present. The exhibit contains an ordinary egress rule, so matching traffic is authorized. Option B incorrectly places the destination in default .
Current Cilium versions require explicit cluster targeting for remote endpoints, which this policy provides through the cluster label.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Network Policy , Namespaces in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh labels, namespaced policies, and cross-cluster endpoint selection.
NEW QUESTION # 53
Which component is embedded in the Cilium Agent and retrieves eBPF-based visibility from Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Hubble Server is embedded in each Cilium agent and consumes the eBPF-derived visibility data produced on that node. It exposes gRPC services through which clients can retrieve flow events, node and namespace information, server status, and related observability data. Embedding the server in the agent enables high-performance collection with comparatively low overhead.
Hubble Relay has a different role. It is a standalone component that discovers and connects to the Hubble Server instances running across the cluster. Relay aggregates their individual APIs to provide multi-node or cluster-wide visibility to clients such as the Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. It is therefore not the component embedded in the agent.
The Cilium CNI plugin is invoked when Kubernetes creates or removes pods and asks the local agent to configure their networking and datapath. The Cilium Operator performs cluster-wide management duties such as selected IPAM and shared-state operations. Neither component is responsible for exposing eBPF flow visibility.
This server-relay distinction is central to understanding Hubble's distributed architecture: Server provides node-local visibility, while Relay combines multiple servers into a cluster-wide view.
Official references
Hubble Internals , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Hubble Server, Hubble Relay, and distributed flow observability.
NEW QUESTION # 54
What is correct about the Kubernetes Host Scope IP Address Management (IPAM) mode?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Kubernetes host-scope IPAM can be used with both Cilium tunnel routing and native direct routing. The IPAM mechanism determines how each node receives and locally allocates pod addresses; it does not inherently require a particular packet-forwarding model. The current IPAM feature matrix explicitly marks both tunnel routing and direct routing as supported for Kubernetes host-scope mode.
In this mode, Kubernetes allocates a PodCIDR to each node and publishes it through the standard v1.Node resource, normally in spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for the relevant range and allocates individual pod addresses from that node-specific CIDR. The correct configuration is ipam:
kubernetes or the Helm equivalent ipam.mode=kubernetes , not ipam: crd ; therefore, C is false.
The documented feature matrix does not provide multiple CIDRs per cluster or multiple CIDRs per node for this mode, eliminating A and B. Multi-pool IPAM is the Cilium mode designed for allocating per-node CIDRs from multiple configurable pools.
Because Kubernetes host-scope IPAM supports either overlay tunneling or direct routing while the other statements contradict its capabilities or configuration, D is correct.
Official references
IP Address Management ; Kubernetes Host Scope .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 55
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