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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Access Network | - Optical Line Terminal (OLT) functionality - Quality of Service (QoS) fundamentals - Multicast protocols for video distribution - Access network architecture |
| Introduction to Fixed Networks | - FTTx concepts and solutions - Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) - Broadband network fundamentals - Broadband access services - FTTH concepts and solutions |
| Fixed Networks Management | - Corteca home device controller - Altiplano SDAN Controller - Nokia SDAN solution - NETCONF and YANG - NFV and SDN fundamentals - IPFIX telemetry collection |
| Home Network | - Home network connectivity - Home network devices - Home network device management - Wi-Fi fundamentals |
| Broadband Services | - IPTV services - Lightspan service components - Intent mapping to network layers - Intent-Based Networking (IBN) - High-speed Internet services - Value-added and triple-play services - Voice services |
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問題 #41
A QoS policy examines a packet's markings and assigns it to a forwarding class. Which QoS function is being performed?
答案：C
解題說明：
Classification examines packet information and determines how the packet should be treated by the QoS system. The decision can use fields such as VLAN priority, Differentiated Services Code Point, protocol information, or interface context. After classification, the packet is assigned to an appropriate forwarding class and queue so that scheduling, congestion management, and other policies can provide the intended treatment. Shaping controls an outgoing rate by buffering excess traffic, while policing enforces a traffic profile by dropping or remarking nonconforming packets. Optical amplification increases optical signal power and is unrelated to packet classification. Effective classification is essential when a fixed-access network carries services with different requirements, such as voice, IPTV, management traffic, and best-effort Internet access.
問題 #42
Why must a managed ONT or residential gateway be reachable before an Auto Configuration Server can provision it using TR-069?
答案：C
解題說明：
TR-069 enables remote management through communication between customer-premises equipment and an Auto Configuration Server. The device must be powered, operational, and able to establish or participate in a management session before configuration parameters, software information, diagnostics, or status data can be exchanged. An ACS cannot provision a device that is completely offline because no active communication path exists. TR-069 does not configure passive splitters, which contain no management processor or configurable service logic. The managed device can be located at the subscriber premises and does not need to be inside the central office. Communication is carried over the device's network connection rather than exclusively through an OLT serial console. Authentication and protected transport help secure management exchanges between the device and the ACS.
問題 #43
A service provider combines two copper pairs to increase the available DSL rate for one subscriber. Which technology is being used?
答案：D
解題說明：
DSL bonding combines two or more physical copper pairs into a single logical subscriber connection. Traffic is distributed across the available pairs, allowing the aggregate bitrate to increase, provided the individual lines have suitable quality and compatible performance. Bonding can also provide operational benefits where one pair alone cannot deliver the required service rate. It is different from vectoring, which reduces crosstalk among coordinated copper lines by generating compensating signals. Optical splitting divides optical power in a PON and does not combine copper capacity. Multicast replication creates copies of multicast packets for different receiver paths and is unrelated to DSL transmission capacity. Both ends of a bonded DSL connection must support the applicable bonding method and coordinate traffic across the paired lines.
問題 #44
In an 802.1X-based subscriber authentication design, which role does the residential gateway normally perform?
答案：D
解題說明：
The residential gateway normally acts as the 802.1X supplicant. It supplies identity information and participates in the Extensible Authentication Protocol exchange required to obtain network access. The access device or OLT commonly performs the authenticator role, controlling the subscriber-facing port and relaying authentication information between the supplicant and the authentication server. The authentication server, frequently using RADIUS, validates the credentials and returns an authorization result or related policy attributes. The gateway is therefore not itself the RADIUS database or authentication server in this design. A multicast querier performs a separate function by sending IGMP queries to maintain multicast membership information. Before successful authentication, the authenticator generally restricts ordinary subscriber traffic while allowing the authentication exchange required to complete access control.
問題 #45
Which Lightspan interface type normally connects an access node directly to subscriber-facing equipment?
答案：D
解題說明：
A User Network Interface is the subscriber-facing interface through which an access node connects to customer-side equipment or services. Depending on the access technology, this relationship can involve ONTs, subscriber ports, or other access termination functions. A Network-to-Network Interface connects the access node toward another network device, typically the Ethernet aggregation or transport network. A subtending interface is used when one access node is connected through another access node, allowing the downstream node's traffic to reach the aggregation network through the upstream node. A loopback interface is a logical interface generally used for management, routing identification, or testing and is not a physical subscriber connection. Correctly distinguishing UNI, NNI, and subtending roles is essential when interpreting an access-node datapath.
問題 #46
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