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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Physician Activities | 50% | - Management - Psychosocial Aspects - Communication - Professional Behaviours |
| Topic 2: Dimensions of Care | 50% | - Health Promotion and Illness Prevention - Chronic Care - Assessment and Diagnosis - Acute Care |
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NEW QUESTION # 72
A 79-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with sudden-onset severe chest and back pain that started 1 hour ago. She has a history of hypertension and looks unwell. Her vital signs are as follows:
blood pressure 168/108 mm Hg, heart rate 110/min, respiratory rate 22/min, temperature 36.7°C. Findings of a physical examination of the chest and abdomen are normal. An urgent computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and abdomen shows an aortic dissection extending from the descending thoracic aorta to the upper abdominal aorta. The branches of the abdominal aorta are patent. Following initial resuscitation, which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: C
Explanation:
This patient has a Stanford type B aortic dissection , involving the descending thoracic aorta distal to the left subclavian artery, with no evidence of branch vessel compromise or rupture. MCCQE objectives emphasize that uncomplicated type B dissections are managed medically , whereas type A dissections (ascending aorta) require urgent surgical repair.
The immediate priority is to reduce shear stress on the aortic wall by controlling heart rate and blood pressure
. Intravenous beta-blockers such as labetalol or esmolol are first-line therapy. The goal is to reduce heart rate to approximately 60 bpm and lower systolic blood pressure to 100-120 mm Hg. This decreases the force of left ventricular contraction (dP/dt), limiting propagation of the dissection.
Endovascular or open repair is reserved for complicated cases (e.g., malperfusion, rupture, refractory pain, uncontrolled hypertension). Anticoagulation with heparin is contraindicated due to bleeding risk. Observation alone without blood pressure control is inappropriate.
Therefore, intravenous labetalol is the best next step.
NEW QUESTION # 73
In a research study, it is found that people who smoke tobacco cigarettes drink more coffee and have higher rates of lung cancer than people who do not smoke. However, the consumption of coffee alone is not associated with lung cancer. Which one of the following best describes the contribution of drinking coffee in the study?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A confounder is a variable associated with both the exposure and the outcome but not in the causal pathway.
In this study, coffee drinking is associated with smoking (the actual risk factor for lung cancer), but not independently associated with lung cancer.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Epidemiology Chapter:
"A confounder is a third variable that distorts the observed association between an exposure and an outcome.
It must be associated with both the exposure and the outcome, but not a result of the exposure." MCCQE1 Objectives (Population Health > 97-3: Study Design and Bias):
"Recognize and control for confounding in the interpretation of observational study data." Coffee is not a risk factor (B) since it's not independently associated with lung cancer, and it's not selection bias (C), which involves how participants are enrolled in a study.
NEW QUESTION # 74
An 18-month-old boy is brought to the office by his guardians for a well-child visit. His guardians are concerned that his eyes do not look the same. On examination, his eyes appear as shown in the referenced photo.
Which one of the following best represents the patient's condition?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The image shows an asymmetrical light reflex (corneal light reflex not centered in both eyes), which is diagnostic of strabismus. This misalignment of the eyes must be treated early to prevent amblyopia (lazy eye).
Toronto Notes 2023 - Pediatrics, Ophthalmology:
"Strabismus presents with misaligned visual axes. The Hirschberg light reflex is off-center in the affected eye.
Prompt referral is necessary to prevent amblyopia."
MCCQE1 Objectives - Pediatrics > Vision and Developmental Disorders:
"Candidates must recognize strabismus on visual screening and refer early for correction to prevent permanent vision impairment." Pseudostrabismus (B) can be ruled out here because the light reflex is not symmetric. Ptosis (A) involves drooping of the eyelid, which is not evident. Cataracts (D) would typically present with a leukocoria (white reflex), not misalignment.
NEW QUESTION # 75
A 46-year-old woman with a palpable breast lump underwent diagnostic mammography that revealed a suspicious mass in her right breast. The radiologist recommended a breast biopsy. The referring physician did not see the mammogram report or the recommendation for biopsy. One year later, invasive breast cancer is diagnosed in the patient. Which one of the following is most likely to prevent this issue from happening again?
Answer: B
Explanation:
This case represents a failure of follow-up of a critical test result , a common systems error in ambulatory care. MCCQE ELOM objectives emphasize physician responsibility for ensuring that ordered investigations are reviewed, communicated, and acted upon appropriately. The most effective prevention strategy is implementing a system-level tracking process for all investigative reports, ensuring that results are received, reviewed, documented, and followed up-especially abnormal findings requiring urgent action.
Relying on ad hoc communication (e.g., radiologists phoning every result) is impractical and not sustainable.
Booking routine return appointments does not guarantee abnormal results are addressed in a timely manner.
Informing patients only if abnormal findings exist is insufficient, as missed reports may still go unnoticed.
Asking patients to retrieve their own results shifts professional responsibility inappropriately.
A structured tracking system (e.g., electronic alerts, mandatory acknowledgment of results, reconciliation logs) reduces missed diagnoses and enhances patient safety. This systems-based approach aligns with quality improvement principles and shared accountability in healthcare delivery.
NEW QUESTION # 76
A 59-year-old woman comes to the office because her 48-year-old sister was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. Your patient thinks her mother may have also had cervical cancer. A Papanicolaou (Pap) test performed 16 months ago had normal results, as did all previous Pap tests. Which one of the following is the best next step?
Answer: A
Explanation:
For women aged 25-69 years who have had adequate negative screening, the recommendation is to repeat cervical cytology (Pap test) every 3 years, regardless of family history. Cervical cancer is caused primarily by HPV infection, not hereditary genetics. Family history does not alter the screening interval.
Toronto Notes 2023 - Gynecology, Cervical Cancer Screening Section:
"Routine screening with Pap test is recommended every 3 years in women aged 25-69 who have had three consecutive negative tests. Family history of cervical cancer does not modify the screening interval." MCCQE1 Objectives - Obstetrics and Gynecology > Cancer Screening:
"Candidates must apply population-based cervical cancer screening guidelines. Family history is not a risk modifier for screening frequency in cervical cancer." Options A and B are inappropriate as they increase screening frequency without indication. HPV testing (D) or colposcopy (E) are not recommended without abnormal cytology.
NEW QUESTION # 77
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