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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Data Ingestion and Transformation | 34% | - Transform and enrich data
- Ingest data from various sources
|
| Topic 2: Data Operations and Support | 22% | - Monitor and troubleshoot data pipelines
- Ensure reliability and scalability - Automate operational tasks |
| Topic 3: Data Store Management | 26% | - Optimize storage performance and cost - Manage data lifecycle and storage tiers - Design and implement data storage solutions
|
| Topic 4: Data Security and Governance | 18% | - Enforce compliance and data governance
- Implement access control and authentication
|
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NEW QUESTION # 119
A company uses AWS Step Functions to orchestrate a data pipeline. The pipeline consists of Amazon EMR jobs that ingest data from data sources and store the data in an Amazon S3 bucket. The pipeline also includes EMR jobs that load the data to Amazon Redshift.
The company's cloud infrastructure team manually built a Step Functions state machine. The cloud infrastructure team launched an EMR cluster into a VPC to support the EMR jobs. However, the deployed Step Functions state machine is not able to run the EMR jobs.
Which combination of steps should the company take to identify the reason the Step Functions state machine is not able to run the EMR jobs? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
To identify the reason why the Step Functions state machine is not able to run the EMR jobs, the company should take the following steps:
Verify that the Step Functions state machine code has all IAM permissions that are necessary to create and run the EMR jobs. The state machine code should have an IAM role that allows it to invoke the EMR APIs, such as RunJobFlow, AddJobFlowSteps, and DescribeStep. The state machine code should also have IAM permissions to access the Amazon S3 buckets that the EMR jobs use as input and output locations. The company can use Access Analyzer for S3 to check the access policies and permissions of the S3 buckets12.
Therefore, option B is correct.
Query the flow logs for the VPC. The flow logs can provide information about the network traffic to and from the EMR cluster that is launched in the VPC. The company can use the flow logs to determine whether the traffic that originates from the EMR cluster can successfully reach the data providers, such as Amazon RDS, Amazon Redshift, or other external sources. The company can also determine whether any security group that might be attached to the EMR cluster allows connections to the data source servers on the informed ports. The company can use Amazon VPC Flow Logs or Amazon CloudWatch Logs Insights to query the flow logs3 .
Therefore, option D is correct.
Option A is incorrect because it suggests using AWS CloudFormation to automate the Step Functions state machine deployment. While this is a good practice to ensure consistency and repeatability of the deployment, it does not help to identify the reason why the state machine is not able to run the EMR jobs. Moreover, creating a step to pause the state machine during the EMR jobs that fail and wait for a human user to send approval through an email message is not a reliable way to troubleshoot the issue. The company should use the Step Functions console or API to monitor the execution history and status of the state machine, and use Amazon CloudWatch to view the logs and metrics of the EMR jobs .
Option C is incorrect because it suggests changing the AWS Step Functions state machine code to use Amazon EMR on EKS. Amazon EMR on EKS is a service that allows you to run EMR jobs on Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (Amazon EKS) clusters. While this service has some benefits, such as lower cost and faster execution time, it does not support all the features and integrations that EMR on EC2 does, such as EMR Notebooks, EMR Studio, and EMRFS. Therefore, changing the state machine code to use EMR on EKS may not be compatible with the existing data pipeline and may introduce new issues.
Option E is incorrect because it suggests checking the retry scenarios that the company configured for the EMR jobs. While this is a good practice to handle transient failures and errors, it does not help to identify the root cause of why the state machine is not able to run the EMR jobs. Moreover, increasing the number of seconds in the interval between each EMR task may not improve the success rate of the jobs, and may increase the execution time and cost of the state machine. Configuring an Amazon SNS topic to store the error messages may help to notify the company of any failures, but it does not provide enough information to troubleshoot the issue.
1: Manage an Amazon EMR Job - AWS Step Functions
2: Access Analyzer for S3 - Amazon Simple Storage Service
3: Working with Amazon EMR and VPC Flow Logs - Amazon EMR
[4]: Analyzing VPC Flow Logs with Amazon CloudWatch Logs Insights - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
[5]: Monitor AWS Step Functions - AWS Step Functions
[6]: Monitor Amazon EMR clusters - Amazon EMR
[7]: Amazon EMR on Amazon EKS - Amazon EMR
NEW QUESTION # 120
A data engineer is using AWS Glue to build an extract, transform, and load (ETL) pipeline that processes streaming data from sensors. The pipeline sends the data to an Amazon S3 bucket in near real-time. The data engineer also needs to perform transformations and join the incoming data with metadata that is stored in an Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL database. The data engineer must write the results back to a second S3 bucket in Apache Parquet format.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
Answer: A
Explanation:
* AWS Glue streaming jobs are purpose-built for low-latency, near real-time ETL pipelines.
* Glue Studio allows visual job authoring and supports complex transformations, including joins with Amazon RDS databases, through JDBC connectors.
* Data can be written directly to S3 in Apache Parquet format using built-in AWS Glue support.
Options B and C are more suitable for batch or development/testing. Option D is for custom batch jobs, not real-time processing.
"You can use AWS Glue streaming jobs with Glue Studio to process streaming data, perform transformations, join with RDS data sources, and write results in formats like Parquet to S3." Reference: AWS Glue Studio and Streaming Jobs - AWS Documentation
NEW QUESTION # 121
A company stores sensitive data in an Amazon Redshift table. The company needs to give specific users the ability to access the sensitive data. The company must not create duplication in the data. Customer support users must be able to see the last four characters of the sensitive data. Audit users must be able to see the full value of the sensitive data. No other users can have the ability to access the sensitive information.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Option A is correct because Amazon Redshift dynamic data masking is designed to hide, obfuscate, or partially reveal sensitive values at query time without duplicating the underlying data. AWS states that masking policies can be attached to one or more columns and can be applied differently to certain users or roles. AWS also provides examples where different roles see different versions of the same column value, which matches the requirement that customer support users see only the last four characters while audit users can see the full value.
Option B is incorrect because metadata security controls metadata visibility, not column-value masking.
Option C is incorrect because row-level security filters which rows are visible; it does not selectively mask part of a column value. Option D would create a second table and therefore duplicates data, which the question forbids. Dynamic data masking is the AWS-native feature that satisfies role-based partial exposure of a single sensitive column with no data duplication.
NEW QUESTION # 122
A company has five offices in different AWS Regions. Each office has its own human resources (HR) department that uses a unique IAM role. The company stores employee records in a data lake that is based on Amazon S3 storage.
A data engineering team needs to limit access to the records. Each HR department should be able to access records for only employees who are within the HR department's Region.
Which combination of steps should the data engineering team take to meet this requirement with the LEAST operational overhead? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
AWS Lake Formation is a service that helps you build, secure, and manage data lakes on Amazon S3. You can use AWS Lake Formation to register the S3 path as a data lake location, and enable fine-grained access control to limit access to the records based on the HR department's Region. You can use data filters to specify which S3 prefixes or partitions each HR department can access, and grant permissions to the IAM roles of the HR departments accordingly. This solution will meet the requirement with the least operational overhead, as it simplifies the data lake management and security, and leverages the existing IAM roles of the HR departments12.
The other options are not optimal for the following reasons:
* A. Use data filters for each Region to register the S3 paths as data locations. This option is not possible, as data filters are not used to register S3 paths as data locations, but to grant permissions to access specific S3 prefixes or partitions within a data location. Moreover, this option does not specify how to limit access to the records based on the HR department's Region.
* C. Modify the IAM roles of the HR departments to add a data filter for each department's Region. This option is not possible, as data filters are not added to IAM roles, but to permissions granted by AWS Lake Formation. Moreover, this option does not specify how to register the S3 path as a data lake location, or how to enable fine-grained access control in AWS Lake Formation.
* E. Create a separate S3 bucket for each Region. Configure an IAM policy to allow S3 access. Restrict access based on Region. This option is not recommended, as it would require more operational overhead to create and manage multiple S3 buckets, and to configure and maintain IAM policies for each HR department. Moreover, this option does not leverage the benefits of AWS Lake Formation, such as data cataloging, data transformation, and data governance.
References:
* 1: AWS Lake Formation
* 2: AWS Lake Formation Permissions
* : AWS Identity and Access Management
* : Amazon S3
NEW QUESTION # 123
A company has a frontend ReactJS website that uses Amazon API Gateway to invoke REST APIs. The APIs perform the functionality of the website. A data engineer needs to write a Python script that can be occasionally invoked through API Gateway. The code must return results to API Gateway.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?
Answer: C
Explanation:
AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers. You can use Lambda to create functions that perform custom logic and integrate with other AWS services, such as API Gateway. Lambda automatically scales your application by running code in response to each trigger. You pay only for the compute time you consume1.
Amazon ECS is a fully managed container orchestration service that allows you to run and scale containerized applications on AWS. You can use ECS to deploy, manage, and scale Docker containers using either Amazon EC2 instances or AWS Fargate, a serverless compute engine for containers2.
Amazon EKS is a fully managed Kubernetes service that allows you to run Kubernetes clusters on AWS without needing to install, operate, or maintain your own Kubernetes control plane. You can use EKS to deploy, manage, and scale containerized applications using Kubernetes on AWS3.
The solution that meets the requirements with the least operational overhead is to create an AWS Lambda Python function with provisioned concurrency. This solution has the following advantages:
It does not require you to provision, manage, or scale any servers or clusters, as Lambda handles all the infrastructure for you. This reduces the operational complexity and cost of running your code.
It allows you to write your Python script as a Lambda function and integrate it with API Gateway using a simple configuration. API Gateway can invoke your Lambda function synchronously or asynchronously, and return the results to the frontend website.
It ensures that your Lambda function is ready to respond to API requests without any cold start delays, by using provisioned concurrency. Provisioned concurrency is a feature that keeps your function initialized and hyper-ready to respond in double-digit milliseconds. You can specify the number of concurrent executions that you want to provision for your function.
Option A is incorrect because it requires you to deploy a custom Python script on an Amazon ECS cluster.
This solution has the following disadvantages:
It requires you to provision, manage, and scale your own ECS cluster, either using EC2 instances or Fargate.
This increases the operational complexity and cost of running your code.
It requires you to package your Python script as a Docker container image and store it in a container registry, such as Amazon ECR or Docker Hub. This adds an extra step to your deployment process.
It requires you to configure your ECS cluster to integrate with API Gateway, either using an Application Load Balancer or a Network Load Balancer. This adds another layer of complexity to your architecture.
Option C is incorrect because it requires you to deploy a custom Python script that can integrate with API Gateway on Amazon EKS. This solution has the following disadvantages:
It requires you to provision, manage, and scale your own EKS cluster, either using EC2 instances or Fargate.
This increases the operational complexity and cost of running your code.
It requires you to package your Python script as a Docker container image and store it in a container registry, such as Amazon ECR or Docker Hub. This adds an extra step to your deployment process.
It requires you to configure your EKS cluster to integrate with API Gateway, either using an Application Load Balancer, a Network Load Balancer, or a service of type LoadBalancer. This adds another layer of complexity to your architecture.
Option D is incorrect because it requires you to create an AWS Lambda function and ensure that the function is warm by scheduling an Amazon EventBridge rule to invoke the Lambda function every 5 minutes by using mock events. This solution has the following disadvantages:
It does not guarantee that your Lambda function will always be warm, as Lambda may scale down your function if it does not receive any requests for a long period of time. This may cause cold start delays when your function is invoked by API Gateway.
It incurs unnecessary costs, as you pay for the compute time of your Lambda function every time it is invoked by the EventBridge rule, even if it does not perform any useful work1.
1: AWS Lambda - Features
2: Amazon Elastic Container Service - Features
3: Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service - Features
[4]: Building API Gateway REST API with Lambda integration - Amazon API Gateway
[5]: Improving latency with Provisioned Concurrency - AWS Lambda
[6]: Integrating Amazon ECS with Amazon API Gateway - Amazon Elastic Container Service
[7]: Integrating Amazon EKS with Amazon API Gateway - Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service
[8]: Managing concurrency for a Lambda function - AWS Lambda
NEW QUESTION # 124
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