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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| Topic 2: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| Topic 3: Service Mesh | 16% | - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures - Ingress and Gateway API |
| Topic 4: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Topic 5: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility - Hubble CLI and UI |
| Topic 6: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
| Topic 7: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF Role and Benefits - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking |
| Topic 8: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
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NEW QUESTION # 31
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which Cilium configuration is recommended to help identify the correct configuration of network policies without interrupting workload communications?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Policy Audit Mode allows administrators to evaluate the consequences of network policies before enforcing their deny decisions. Traffic that would ordinarily be rejected remains permitted, while Cilium records an audit verdict. These verdicts can be examined with Cilium monitoring tools and used to identify legitimate communications that are missing from the proposed policies.
This is especially valuable when introducing host policies or default-deny controls into an existing environment. An incomplete policy might otherwise block access to the Kubernetes API, node-management interfaces, DNS, monitoring systems, or other operational dependencies. The recommended workflow is to enable audit mode, observe traffic and policy verdicts, adjust the rules, confirm that all required communications receive allow verdicts, and then disable audit mode to begin enforcement.
DNS enforcement mode and HTTP audit mode are not the general Cilium configuration requested. "Policy enforcement mode" describes whether policies are normally enforced, but it does not provide the non- disruptive learning behavior in the question.
Audit mode should be treated as a temporary validation mechanism because it does not actually block disallowed traffic and does not persist across every agent-restart scenario.
Official references
Cilium Policy Audit Mode
Study Guide topic: Policy validation, audit verdicts, and safe policy rollout.
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which statement about Cilium's identity-based security model is correct?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives a workload's security identity from its security-relevant labels. Network policies then refer to workload characteristics such as application, role, environment, namespace, or service account rather than depending exclusively on transient pod IP addresses. The identity is associated with traffic in the Cilium datapath and validated when policy is enforced. This makes B the accurate description.
The identity is not limited to a single pod. Endpoints that have the same set of identity-relevant labels can share the same numeric security identity, including endpoints located on different cluster nodes. This reduces policy-map growth and allows policy to scale with logical application groups rather than with the number of pod addresses. Namespace information is normally among the labels used to derive identity, but that does not make an identity inherently "tied to a single namespace" as option A states.
Options C and D invert Cilium's design. IP addresses remain necessary for packet delivery, but they are not the primary security identifier for Cilium-managed workloads. Pods can be recreated and assigned new addresses while retaining the same relevant labels and therefore the same security intent. Decoupling identity from addressing is precisely what improves scalability and operational stability.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identity ; Introduction to Cilium and Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 34
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 35
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 36
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