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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Layer 3 Technologies | 35% | - Address Families
|
| Infrastructure Services | 25% | - Network Performance Management
|
| VPN Services | 20% | - DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN)
|
| Infrastructure Security | 20% | - Device Security
|
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NEW QUESTION # 401
Drag and drop the OSPF adjacency states from the left onto the correct descriptions on the right.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation:
Table Description automatically generated
(Reference: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a0080093f0e.shtml) Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/13685-13.html Down This is the first OSPF neighbor state. It means that no information (hellos) has been received from this neighbor, but hello packets can still be sent to the neighbor in this state.
During the fully adjacent neighbor state, if a router doesn't receive hello packet from a neighbor within the Router Dead Interval time (RouterDeadInterval = 4*HelloInterval by default) or if themanually configured neighbor is being removed from the configuration, then the neighbor state changes from Full to Down.
Attempt
This state is only valid for manually configured neighbors in an NBMA environment. In Attempt state, the router sends unicast hello packets every poll interval to the neighbor, from which hellos have not been received within the dead interval.
Init
This state specifies that the router has received a hello packet from its neighbor, but the receiving router's ID was not included in the hello packet. When a router receives a hello packet from a neighbor, it should list the sender's router ID in its hello packet as an acknowledgment that it received a valid hello packet.
2-Way
This state designates that bi-directional communication has been established between two routers. Bi- directional means that each router has seen the other's hello packet. This state is attained when the router receiving the hello packet sees its own Router ID within the received hello packet's neighbor field. At this state, a router decides whether to become adjacent with this neighbor. On broadcast media and non-broadcast multiaccess networks, a router becomes full only with the designated router (DR) and the backup designated router (BDR); it stays in the 2-way state with all other neighbors. On Point-to-point and Point-to-multipoint networks, a router becomes full with all connected routers.
At the end of this stage, the DR and BDR for broadcast and non-broadcast multiaccess networks are elected.
For more information on the DR election process, refer to DR Election.
Note: Receiving a Database Descriptor (DBD) packet from a neighbor in the init state will also a cause a transition to 2-way state.
Exstart
Once the DR and BDR are elected, the actual process of exchanging link state information can start between the routers and their DR and BDR. (ie. Shared or NBMA networks).
In this state, the routers and their DR and BDR establish a master-slave relationship and choose the initial sequence number for adjacency formation. The router with the higher router ID becomes the master and starts the exchange, and as such, is the only router that can increment the sequence number. Note that one would logically conclude that the DR/BDR with the highest router ID will become the master during this process of master-slave relation. Remember that the DR/BDR election might be purely by virtue of a higher priority configured on the router instead of highest router ID. Thus, it is possible that a DR plays the role of slave.
And also note that master/slave election is on a per-neighbor basis.
Exchange
In the exchange state, OSPF routers exchange database descriptor (DBD) packets. Database descriptors contain link-state advertisement (LSA) headers only and describe the contents of the entire link-state database. Each DBD packet has a sequence number which can be incremented only by master which is explicitly acknowledged by slave. Routers also send link-state requestpackets and link-state update packets (which contain the entire LSA) in this state. The contents of the DBD received are compared to the information contained in the routers link-state database to check if new or more current link-state information is available with the neighbor.
Loading
In this state, the actual exchange of link state information occurs. Based on the information provided by the DBDs, routers send link-state request packets. The neighbor then provides the requested link-state information in link-state update packets. During the adjacency, if a router receives an outdated or missing LSA, it requests that LSA by sending a link-state request packet. All link-state update packets are acknowledged.
Full
In this state, routers are fully adjacent with each other. All the router and network LSAs are exchanged and the routers' databases are fully synchronized.
Full is the normal state for an OSPF router. If a router is stuck in another state, it is an indication that there are problems in forming adjacencies. The only exception to this is the 2-way state, which is normal in a broadcast network. Routers achieve the FULL state with their DR and BDR in NBMA/broadcast media and FULL state with every neighbor in the remaining media such as point-to-point and point-to-multipoint.
Note: The DR and BDR that achieve FULL state with every router on the segment will display FULL
/DROTHER when you enter the show ip ospf neighbor command on either a DR or BDR. This simply means that the neighbor is not a DR or BDR, but since the router on which the command was entered is either a DR or BDR, this shows the neighbor as FULL/DROTHER.
Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/13685-13.html Reference: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a0080093f0e.shtml) Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/13685-13.html
NEW QUESTION # 402
Refer to the exhibit.
An administrator noticed that after a change was made on R1, the timestamps on the system logs did not match the clock. What is the reason for this error?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 403
Drag and drop the MPLS concepts from the left onto the descriptions on the right.
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 404
Refer to the exhibit. A network is under a cyberattack. A network engineer connected to R1 by
SSH and enabled the terminal monitor via SSH session to find the source and destination of the
attack. The session was flooded with messagesi which made it impossible for the engineer to
troubleshoot the issue. Which command resolves this issue on R1?
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 405
Drag and Drop Question
Drag and drop the SNMP attributes in Cisco IOS devices from the onto he correct SNMPv2c or
SNMPv3 categories on the right.
Answer:
Explanation:
Explanation:
Both SNMPv1 and v2 did not focus much on security and they provide security based on
community string only. Community string is really just a clear text password (without encryption).
Any data sent in clear text over a network is vulnerable to packet sniffing and interception. There
are two types of community strings in SNMPv2c:
+ Read-only (RO): gives read-only access to the MIB objects which is safer and preferred to other
method.
+ Read-write (RW): gives read and write access to the MIB objects. This method allows SNMP
Manager to change the configuration of the managed router/switch so be careful with this type.
The community string defined on the SNMP Manager must match one of the community strings
on the Agents in order for the Manager to access the Agents.
SNMPv3 provides significant enhancements to address the security weaknesses existing in the
earlier versions. The concept of community string does not exist in this version. SNMPv3 provides
a far more secure communication using entities, users and groups. This is achieved by
implementing three new major features:
+ Message integrity: ensuring that a packet has not been modified in transit.
+ Authentication: by using password hashing (based on the HMAC-MD5 or HMAC-SHA
algorithms) to ensure the message is from a valid source on the network.
+ Privacy (Encryption): by using encryption (56-bit DES encryption, for example) to encrypt the
contents of a packet.
NEW QUESTION # 406
......
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