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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API access restriction - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - RBAC configuration - Service account security |
| Topic 2: Cluster Setup | 15% | - CIS benchmark compliance - Network security policies - Secure Ingress configuration - Node metadata protection - Binary verification |
| Topic 3: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Behavioral analytics - Audit log configuration - Incident investigation - Threat detection (Falco) - Container immutability |
| Topic 4: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - SBOM & CI/CD security - Static analysis tools - Image security & scanning - Signed artifacts & verification - Permitted registries |
| Topic 5: System Hardening | 10% | - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) - Minimize OS attack surface - Least privilege IAM - Network access control |
| Topic 6: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Pod Security Standards - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation - Security contexts - Secret management - Isolation & multi-tenancy |
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NEW QUESTION # 63
SIMULATION
Context
You must resolve issues that a CIS Benchmark tool found for the kubeadm provisioned cluster.
Task
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new settings take effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the kubelet:
The cluster uses the Docker Engine os its container runtime, If needed, use the docker command to troubleshaot running containers.
Ensure that the anonymous-auth argument is set to false FAIL
Ensure that the -authorization-mode argument is not set to FAIL
AlwaysAllow
Use Webhook authentication /authorization where possible.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against ettd :
Ensure that the -client cert auth argument is set to true FAIL
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) SSH to the right node
ssh cks000002
sudo -i
2) Fix kubelet CIS findings
2.1 Edit kubelet config (MAIN place in kubeadm clusters)
vi /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
A) Set anonymous-auth to false
Find (or add) this block exactly:
authentication:
anonymous:
enabled: false
B) Use Webhook authentication (recommended by task)
Ensure this exists under authentication:
webhook:
enabled: true
C) Use Webhook authorization and NOT AlwaysAllow
Find (or add) this block exactly:
authorization:
mode: Webhook
When done, your file should contain something like this (exact structure to aim for):
authentication:
anonymous:
enabled: false
webhook:
enabled: true
x509:
clientCAFile: /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt
authorization:
mode: Webhook
If x509: section isn't there, it's usually already present in kubeadm; don't panic. Only the task-required parts are: anonymous false + webhook enabled + authorization mode Webhook.
2.2 Restart kubelet (required for config.yaml changes)
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart kubelet
systemctl status kubelet --no-pager
Quick confirm (optional but fast):
grep -nE "anonymous|webhook|authorization|mode" /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
3) Fix etcd CIS finding: --client-cert-auth=true
3.1 Edit etcd static pod manifest (kubeadm path)
vi /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml
Find the container command: args that look like:
- command:
- etcd
- --something=...
Ensure this line exists exactly in the list:
- --client-cert-auth=true
Also ensure this is present (usually already is, but add if missing):
- --trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
Example snippet (what you want the args area to include):
- command:
- etcd
- --client-cert-auth=true
- --trusted-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt
3.2 Apply etcd change (auto-restart happens)
Just save the file. Kubelet will restart etcd automatically.
Watch it restart (pick one depending on runtime):
If Docker runtime (your task mentions Docker):
docker ps | grep etcd
If you don't see it briefly, wait 2-5 seconds and rerun:
docker ps | grep etcd
(Alternative if available)
crictl ps | grep etcd
4) Final quick validation (fast exam check)
Kubelet config check
grep -n "enabled: false" -n /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml | head
grep -n "webhook" /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
grep -n "authorization" /var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml
etcd arg check
grep -n "client-cert-auth" /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml
NEW QUESTION # 64
You have a Kubernetes cluster running a web application deployment named 'web-app' that uses a service account called 'web-app-sa' The 'web-app-sa' has been granted the necessary RBAC roles and permissions to access specific resources in the cluster. You want to implement a strategy to prevent the 'web-app' deployment from using unauthorized service accounts that might be accidentally created or added to the deployment spec.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service Account for the Web Applicatiom
- Create a Service Account YAML file named 'web-app-sa.yaml
2. Create a Role for the Service Account: - Create a Role YAML file named 'web-app-role.yaml to grant the necessary permissions to the 'web-app-sa':
3. Bind the Role to the Service Account: - Create a ROIeBinding YAML file named 'web-app-rolebinding.yamr to bind the 'web-app-roles to the 'web-app-sa':
4. Create tne Web Application Deployment: - Create a Deployment YAML file named 'web-app-deployment.yaml that specifies the 'web-app-sa' and any other necessary configuration:
5. Apply the Service Account, Role, RoleBinding, and Deployment: - Apply the YAML files using kubectl apply -f web-app-sa.yaml web-app-role.yaml web-app-rolebinding.yaml web-app-deployment.yaml 6. Test With unauthorized Service Accounts: - Try creating a new Service Account (e.g., 'unauthorized-sa') and adding it to the 'web-app-deployment YAML file. - Try updating the deployment. This should fail because the unauthorized service account does not have the necessary permissions. - You can also try creating a pod with the unauthorized service account to see that it cannot access resources it doesn't have permission for. By following these steps, you effectively enforce a policy that ensures the 'web-app' deployment only uses the authorized 'web-app-sa' for resource access, mitigating the risks associated with unauthorized service account usage.
NEW QUESTION # 65
SIMULATION
Context
A CIS Benchmark tool was run against the kubeadm-created cluster and found multiple issues that must be addressed immediately.
Task
Fix all issues via configuration and restart the affected components to ensure the new settings take effect.
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the API server:
Fix all of the following violations that were found against the Kubelet:
Fix all of the following violations that were found against etcd:
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 66
You are setting up a Kubernetes cluster that requires strong security measures. You need to implement several security best practices, including.
- Pod Security Policy: Implement a default Pod Security Policy that restricts resource requests, limits privilege escalation, and disables container root access.
- Network Policy: Configure network policies to restrict communication between pods within the cluster, enforcing a principle of least privilege.
- Admission Controller: Use the 'PodSecurityPolicys admission controller to enforce the defined Pod Security Policy rules.
How would you set up a secure Kubernetes cluster, including the configuration of a default Pod Security Policy, network policies, and the 'PodSecuntyP01icy' admission controller, to enforce these security best practices?
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Default Pod Security Policy:
- Create a YAML file named 'psp.yaml' with the following content:
2. Create Network Policies: - Create separate YAML files for each network policy you need. - For example, a policy to restrict communication between pods in the 'frontend' and 'backend' namespaces could be defined as:
3. Enable the 'PodSecurityPolicy' Admission Controller: - Modify the Kubernetes API server configuration (e.g., vetc'kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml') to enable the 'PodSecurityPolicy' admission controller: - Add the following line: '--admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,PodSecurityPolicy' 4. Apply the Configuration: - Apply the 'psp.yaml' and network policy files to the cluster using 'kubectl apply -f -yamr - Restart the Kubernetes API server for the changes to take effect. 5. Test the Configuration: - Try to create a pod that violates the Pod Security Policy rules. - You should see an error message indicating that the PodSecurityPolicy is preventing the pod creatiom - Test the network policies by attempting to communicate between pods and verifying that traffic is restricted according to the defined rules. 6. Monitor and Adjust - Monitor the cluster for any potential issues caused by the security policies. - Adjust the policies as needed based on evolving security requirements and application needs. Note: It's recommended to use a tool like 'kubectl apply -f -s to pipe the content of the YAML files to the command for applying the resources.
NEW QUESTION # 67
Cluster: admission-cluster
Master node: master
Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context admission-cluster
Context:
A container image scanner is set up on the cluster, but it's not yet fully integrated into the cluster's configuration. When complete, the container image scanner shall scan for and reject the use of vulnerable images.
Task:
You have to complete the entire task on the cluster's master node, where all services and files have been prepared and placed.
Given an incomplete configuration in directory /etc/Kubernetes/config and a functional container image scanner with HTTPS endpoint https://imagescanner.local:8181/image_policy:
1. Enable the necessary plugins to create an image policy
2. Validate the control configuration and change it to an implicit deny
3. Edit the configuration to point to the provided HTTPS endpoint correctly Finally, test if the configuration is working by trying to deploy the vulnerable resource /home/cert_masters/test-pod.yml Note: You can find the container image scanner's log file at /var/log/policy/scanner.log
Answer:
Explanation:
[master@cli] $ cd /etc/Kubernetes/config
1. Edit kubeconfig to explicity deny
[master@cli] $ vim kubeconfig.json
"defaultAllow": false # Change to false
2. fix server parameter by taking its value from ~/.kube/config
[master@cli] $cat /etc/kubernetes/config/kubeconfig.yaml | grep server
server:
3. Enable ImagePolicyWebhook
[master@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
- --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction,ImagePolicyWebhook # Add this
- --admission-control-config-file=/etc/kubernetes/config/kubeconfig.json # Add this Explanation
[desk@cli] $ ssh master
[master@cli] $ cd /etc/Kubernetes/config
[master@cli] $ vim kubeconfig.json
{
"imagePolicy": {
"kubeConfigFile": "/etc/kubernetes/config/kubeconfig.yaml",
"allowTTL": 50,
"denyTTL": 50,
"retryBackoff": 500,
"defaultAllow": true # Delete this
"defaultAllow": false # Add this
}
}
Note: We can see a missing value here, so how from where i can get this value
[master@cli] $cat ~/.kube/config | grep server
or
[master@cli] $cat /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
[master@cli] $vim /etc/kubernetes/config/kubeconfig.yaml
[master@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml - --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction # Delete This - --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction,ImagePolicyWebhook # Add this - --admission-control-config-file=/etc/kubernetes/config/kubeconfig.json # Add this Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/
- --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction # Delete This
- --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction,ImagePolicyWebhook # Add this
- --admission-control-config-file=/etc/kubernetes/config/kubeconfig.json # Add this
[master@cli] $ vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml - --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction # Delete This - --enable-admission-plugins=NodeRestriction,ImagePolicyWebhook # Add this - --admission-control-config-file=/etc/kubernetes/config/kubeconfig.json # Add this Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/admission-controllers/
NEW QUESTION # 68
......
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