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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Descriptive Statistics | 25% | - Types of data: categorical, discrete, continuous - Measures of center: mean, median, mode - Measures of spread: range, IQR, variance, standard deviation - Graphical displays: histograms, boxplots, scatterplots |
| Correlation & Regression | 20% | - Correlation coefficient and interpretation - Interpreting slope, intercept, and R-squared - Simple linear regression models - Predictions and limitations of regression |
| Probability Concepts | 20% | - Probability rules, independent and dependent events - Conditional probability and Venn diagrams - Normal distribution and empirical rule - Discrete and continuous probability distributions |
| Inferential Statistics & Study Design | 20% | - Sampling methods and bias - Hypothesis testing framework and interpretation - Confidence intervals for means/proportions - Observational studies vs experiments |
| Basic Numeracy & Algebra | 15% | - Exponents, roots, and basic formulas - Arithmetic operations, fractions, decimals, percentages - Linear equations, inequalities, graphing functions |
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NEW QUESTION # 71
A home inspector finds 3% of the homes in a community infected with termites.
How should the home inspector's findings be interpreted?
Answer: D
Explanation:
A probability or percentage describes how often an event is expected to occur in the long run. Here, 3% of homes are infected with termites. As a probability, this is 0.03, meaning about 3 out of every 100 homes would be expected to have termites. This is a small probability, so the event should be interpreted as unlikely.
It is not impossible, because impossible would require a probability of 0%. It is also not likely, because likely events generally have probabilities substantially greater than 50%. Finally, it is not "as likely as unlikely," because that language corresponds to a probability near 50%, where occurrence and nonoccurrence are approximately balanced. Since 3% is close to zero but not equal to zero, the technically correct interpretation is that termite infection is unlikely for a randomly selected home in the community. References/topics from the Study Guide: probability interpretation, percentages, unlikely events, complementary probability.
NEW QUESTION # 72
Type I error = ?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A Type I error occurs when a statistical test rejects the null hypothesis even though the null hypothesis is actually true. This is often described as a false positive. In practical terms, the test concludes that there is an effect, difference, or relationship when none truly exists under the null condition. The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by #, the significance level, often set at 0.05. Option B describes a Type II error, where the test fails to reject a false null hypothesis. Option C is not an error at all. Option D is too general; Type I error is not a data-entry issue but a formal decision error in hypothesis testing. The defining phrase is "reject H# when true." Study Guide references/topics: hypothesis testing, Type I error, null hypothesis, significance level.
NEW QUESTION # 73
Two dice rolled. Probability sum = 7?
Answer: A
Explanation:
When two standard six-sided dice are rolled, there are 6 × 6 = 36 equally likely ordered outcomes. To find the probability that the sum is 7, count all ordered pairs that produce 7. These are (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2), and (6,1). There are 6 favorable outcomes. Therefore, the probability is 6/36, which simplifies to 1/6. Since the answer choices include both 6/36 and 1/6, the listed answer from the PDF uses the unsimplified equivalent form, 6/36. Option C, 5/36, omits one valid ordered pair. Option D, 1/12, is too small because it would represent only 3 favorable outcomes out of 36. This problem reinforces that dice outcomes are ordered when two dice are rolled, so (1,6) and (6,1) are counted separately. Study Guide references/topics: sample spaces, dice probability, favorable outcomes, theoretical probability.
NEW QUESTION # 74
Z-test used when:
Answer: C
Explanation:
A z-test for a population mean is used when the population standard deviation # is known and the sampling distribution of the test statistic can be treated as normal. The test statistic has the form z = (sample statistic # hypothesized parameter) divided by the standard error. Knowing # allows the standard error to be computed using #/#n rather than estimating it with the sample standard deviation. Option B describes the common setting for a t-test, not a z-test. Option C is not sufficient by itself; small samples generally require stronger normality assumptions and often favor t-procedures when # is unknown. Option D is unrelated to the classic z- test for a mean, though z-tests can also be used for proportions under appropriate large-sample conditions. In the provided answer set, the defining condition is that the population standard deviation is known. Study Guide references/topics: z-test, population standard deviation, standard error, hypothesis testing.
NEW QUESTION # 75
Conditional probability formula:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Conditional probability measures the probability that event A occurs given that event B has already occurred.
The formula is P(A|B) = P(A and B)/P(B), assuming P(B) is greater than zero. The denominator P(B) restricts the sample space to cases where B occurs, and the numerator P(A and B) counts cases where both A and B occur within that restricted space. Option B is incorrect because it divides P(A) by P(B) without requiring overlap between A and B. Option C reverses the conditioning and would relate to P(B|A) only if the numerator were P(A and B). Option D applies to independent events when finding P(A and B), not to conditional probability in general. The vertical bar in P(A|B) is read as "given," and it signals that the denominator should be the probability of the given event. Study Guide references/topics: conditional probability, joint probability, event intersection, probability rules.
NEW QUESTION # 76
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